Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The enzyme activities of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). prostate fluid LDH isoenzymes phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), Aldolase (ALD) and Hexokinase (HK) were determined in the sera of 77 samples of males. There were 12 cases of carcinoma prostate with metastases, 15 without metastases, 25 with benign prostatic hypertrophy and 25 nontumor. The enzyme activities of nontumor and benign group were statistically similar. The prostatic fluid LDH5/LDH1 ratio and PHI has been found to be the most sensitive parameter for detecting carcinoma prostate. Serial determinations of LDH, PHI, ALD and HK were found valuable for following the course of the disease during therapy.
 ...
PMID:Clinical significance of serum lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, aldolase and hexokinase in prostatic carcinoma. 241 22

Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma line Capan-1 was studied in tissue culture and the nude mouse. In tissue culture, the neoplastic cells grew as large epithelial-like mucin-producing cells. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal transplantation of neoplastic cells into nude mice resulted in tumor formation characterized by marked invasiveness and distant metastases. Histologically, the tumor appeared as a well-differentiated mucin-producing adenocarcinoma morphologically resembling the tumor of origin. Chromosomal analysis showed a human karyotype with a chromosome number between 51-61. Lactate dehydrogenase and beta 2-microglobulin used as tumor markers were present in both tissue culture and the serum of tumor-bearing mice. The neoplasm, which was characterized by an increased level of cAMP, had lost completely the ability to respond to secretin stimulation. The tumor grown in the nude mouse was resistant to treatment with 5-fluorouracil, behavior identical to that of the original tumor. Diphtheria toxin resulted in complete tumor destruction. Because Capan-1 tumor grown in the nude mouse shows morphologic, biologic, and biochemical characteristics similar to the tumor of origin, it may be an invaluable tool in furthering understanding of the biology of human pancreatic cancer.
 ...
PMID:Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma line Capan-1 in tissue culture and the nude mouse: morphologic, biologic, and biochemical characteristics. 627 35

Lactic acid can be formed as a "blind alley" in the metabolic degradation of glucose, especially under anaerobic conditions. The presence of bacterial infection in a closed body cavity induces elevated levels of lactic acid, as is evident in bacterial and fungal infections inthe meninges, joints, peritoneum, and pleura. Although measurement of lactate levels is not a test without faults, it is still a valuable tool in the early recognition of bacterial infections of various body cavities and can assist in the differentiation between infectious and noninfectious conditions. False-positive readings can be obtained with severe anoxia of the CNS, and with irritation of the peritoneal or pleural cavities due to metastases. False-negative values can be obtained in gonococcal arthritis. Table 1 presents accepted normal values for lactic acid in various body sites and the levels of lactic acid than can signify the presence of infection. Further work is still needed to provide better understanding of the mechanisms that cause changes in concentrations of lactic acid.
 ...
PMID:The importance of lactic acid levels in body fluids in the detection of bacterial infections. 702 48

Lactate concentrations were measured in the ascitic fluid of patients using the Monotest Lactate Kit, an inexpensive, reliable bedside test that gives results within 15 min. The values were significantly higher in 24 patients with proven bacterial peritonitis, eight of them with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, than in 53 patients with uninfected ascites of various other etiologies. In only two patients from the latter group, both with hepatic carcinoma and peritoneal metastases, were the values in the range found in bacterial peritonitis. Lactate determination was at least as sensitive as measurement of WBC levels for diagnosing peritonitis. Serial determinations in two patients with peritonitis showed declining values as the disease responded to treatment. The test has particular relevance for patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, because this disease, which is potentially life-threatening although frequently asymptomatic, requires immediate treatment, yet currently depends on time-consuming culture procedures for diagnosis.
 ...
PMID:Measurement of lactate in ascitic fluid: an aid in the diagnosis of peritonitis with particular relevance to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis of the cirrhotic. 730 56

Muscle, particularly striated muscle, is highly resistant both to primary and to metastatic cancer. This resistivity is thought to be connected with the lactic acid producing activities of tumors. Lactic acid is an anoxia signal in the body, to which blood vessels tend to respond with a sprouting reaction, new vessels seeking out the source of anoxia and vascularising it. The reaction of the body to incipient cancer is probably two-fold. Fibroblasts treat them as foreign bodies and attempt to encapsulate them, while blood vessels tend to perpetuate them by supplying them with nutrients. The fate of the tumor may be decided by the relative speed of the two reactions. Muscles are lactic acid producers themselves, hence their blood vessels must be conditioned to a greater tolerance of it than in other tissues. This may be the crucial factor in preventing incipient tumors from establishing themselves in muscle.
 ...
PMID:Possible reasons for the high resistance of muscle to cancer. 739 16

Visualization of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity with Neotetrazolium as final electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions and an incubation medium containing polyvinyl alcohol showed that under normal physiological conditions a zonal distribution of LDH activity is present in the liver lobule of male rats. Periportal hepatocytes contain more LDH activity than pericentral hepatocytes. This difference is due to the role of LDH both in gluconeogenesis (periportal cells) and glycolysis (pericentral cells). In livers containing metastases from colon carcinoma, areas of the parenchyma which are not affected by tumour growth maintain such zonation in the lobule, whereas areas close to metastatic foci show increased activity which is distributed uniformly over the lobule. This change may be explained by a Cori's cycle-like relationship between malignant cells and the surrounding hepatocytes due to glucose consumption and lactate production by the tumour cells. Within the metastatic foci, a zonation of LDH activity was also observed. Malignant cells close to the edge of the tumours contained the lowest activity, whereas activity increased inwards. Cancer cells directly surrounding necrotic areas showed the highest activity. Such patterns are in line with increasing anaerobic glycolysis towards the inner metastatic regions. Anaerobic glycolysis supplies limited amounts of ATP with concomitant lactate production but also large amounts of metabolites for RNA, DNA, lipid and complex carbohydrate synthesis. Lactate that is produced by the metastases induces adaptive changes in surrounding hepatocytes to convert this excess of lactate effectively.
 ...
PMID:Changes in the zonation of lactate dehydrogenase activity in lobules of rat liver after experimentally induced colon carcinoma metastases. 787 78

A 47 year old woman underwent excision of a malignant melanoma on the right shoulder. Nine years later she was attacked by intense pain in the back. Computed tomography, bone scans and immunohistochemical study of a liver biopsy specimen revealed metastases from the malignant melanoma in the liver, spleen and skeleton. Her Karnovsky score was 50%. Chemoimmunotherapy given for five cycles consisting of dacarbazine (800 mg/m2 body surface area every 4 weeks) together with ambulatory cytokine therapy (interferon alpha-2b subcutaneously, 5 million I.U. on days 1 and 3 to 7 in the first week, days 1, 3 and 5 in the second and third weeks and interleukin 2.9 million I.U. on days 1 to 5 in the second and third weeks; no treatment was given in the fourth week) raised the Karnovsky score to 90% and abolished the pain. Lactate dehydrogenase activity, originally 3372 U/l, dropped to normal. Computed tomography demonstrated definite shrinkage of the liver metastases and some regression of the splenic and bony deposits. This improvement has now been maintained for a total of eight cycles of therapy.
 ...
PMID:[Dramatic remission of a multiple metastasized melanoma caused by chemo-immunotherapy]. 845 2

Lactate-dehydroxynase (LDH) has been described as a leading blood parameter in patients with melanoma metastases. However, recent data indicates that levels of S100 as well as melanoma inhibiting activity (MIA) in peripheral blood, correlate with melanoma progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate tumor markers S100, MIA, LDH and albumin in peripheral blood of 373 melanoma patients. 284 patients presented with in-situ or UICC stage I/II, and 89 with stage III/IV (54 tumor-free, 29 with newly occurred metastases). For newly occurred metastases, sensitivity was highest for S100 in peripheral blood (0.86), followed by MIA (0.80), LDH (0.48), and albumin (0.15). Specificity for albumin (0.99) and LDH (0.98) was higher than for S100 (0.91) and MIA (0.62). This data indicate that S100 in peripheral blood as compared to MIA, LDH and albumin appears to be the most appropriate tumor marker for newly occurred melanoma metastases.
 ...
PMID:S100 beta is a more reliable tumor marker in peripheral blood for patients with newly occurred melanoma metastases compared with MIA, albumin and lactate-dehydrogenase. 1139 5

Advanced MRI techniques, such as MR spectroscopy, diffusion and perfusion MR imaging can give important in vivo physiological and metabolic information, complementing morphologic findings from conventional MRI in the clinical setting. Combining perfusion MRI and MR spectroscopy can help in patients with brain masses in who the pre-operative differential diagnosis is unclear. This review demonstrates the use of dynamic, susceptibility weighted, contrast-enhanced MR imaging (DSC MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to distinguish surgical from non-surgical lesions in the brain. There is overlap in the MRI appearance of many enhancing and ring-enhancing lesions such as gliomas, metastases, inflammatory lesions, demyelinating lesions, subacute ischemia, abscess and some AIDS related lesions. We review examples of histopathologically confirmed high-grade glioma, a middle cerebral artery territory infarct, a tumefactive demyelinating lesion and a metastasis for which conventional MR imaging (MRI) was non-specific and potentially misleading and demonstrate how DSC MRI and MRSI features were used to increase the specificity of neurodiagnosis. At several institutions, many patients routinely undergo MRI as well as MRSI and DSC MRI. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measurements are obtained from regions of maximal perfusion as determined from perfusion color overlay maps. Metabolite levels and ratios are determined for Choline (Cho), N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA), Lactate and Lipids (LL). Metabolite levels are obtained by measuring the peak heights of each metabolite and the ratios are obtained from these measurements for Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA and NAA/Cr. Neurosurgical intervention carries substantial morbidity, mortality, financial and potential emotional cost to the patient and family. Making a pre-operative diagnosis allows the neurosurgeon to be confident in the choice of treatment plan for the patient and allays considerable patient anxiety. The utility of combining clinical findings with multi-parametric information from perfusion and spectroscopic MR imaging in differentiating surgical lesions from those which do not require surgical intervention is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Differentiating surgical from non-surgical lesions using perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging. 1556 Jul 13

Lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH5) is one of the five LDH isoenzymes and, apparently, the most important for promoting anaerobic glycolysis. LDH5 is transcriptionally regulated by the hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) 1alpha and 2alpha. In this study, the possible aggressive advantages that colorectal tumours may gain from a high LDH5 content was investigated. To this end, 75 colorectal adenocarcinomas were studied immunohistochemically for the expression of LDH5, and the results were related to tumor differentiation, lymph node and distant metastases, the expression of HIF1alpha and HIF2alpha, vascular density (VD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A high LDH5 content was noted in 51 of 75 (68%) colorectal adenocarcinomas. The reactivity was nuclear and/or cytoplasmic. Nuclear LDH5 reactivity was correlated with lymph node involvement and distant metastases. There was a direct association between LDH5 up-regulation and HIF1alpha and HIF2alpha accumulation. HIF1alpha was linked with VEGF, VD and also with extramural invasion, nodal and distant metastases. It is concluded that a high LDH5 content in tumor cells is directly related to an up-regulated HIF pathway and is linked with an aggressive phenotype in colorectal adenocarcinomas.
Clin Exp Metastasis 2005
PMID:Lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH5) relates to up-regulated hypoxia inducible factor pathway and metastasis in colorectal cancer. 1613 75


1 2 3 Next >>