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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A carcinoma arising in the skin of the lip metastasized to the lymph nodes in the neck of a 53-year-old white man. Electron microscopy of the initial excisional biopsy specimen revealed that the tumor cells contained dense-cored vesicles (100 nm in diameter) in their cytoplasm and were joined by simple junctions. Cells from the nodal metastases were found to be immunoreactive for neuronspecific enolase, keratin intermediate filaments, and chromogranin A, but not for neurofilaments. The tumor was thus classified as a neuroendocrine skin carcinoma. In addition, its metastatic cells shared immunoreactive and ultrastructural characteristics of Merkel cells, which are situated in the basal epidermis of normal skin. Primary cultures from a nodal metastasis were established and characterized. The cells attached and proliferated on culture flask surfaces. The population-doubling time was 2 days. This is the first report where cells from a neuroendocrine skin carcinoma have been demonstrated to retain their characteristic ultrastructure in an in vitro environment (10 days). Studies of cells cultured from neuroendocrine skin carcinomas may prove useful in understanding the pathobiology of this disease and help define the in vitro growth requirements of nontransformed Merkel cells as well.
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PMID:Primary culture of cells arising from a neuroendocrine skin carcinoma. 226 98

The histologic distinction between desmoplastic mesothelioma and reactive fibrosis and between biphasic desmoplastic mesothelioma and pleural metastases with desmoplasia can be difficult. The presence of such epithelial markers as keratin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) within the fibrous areas of a pleural lesion might be construed as evidence in support of the diagnosis of desmoplastic mesothelioma. To test this hypothesis ten desmoplastic mesotheliomas were studied with monoclonal antisera to keratin and EMA and compared with ten hyaline pleural plaques, 11 pleural scars, five benign localized fibrous mesotheliomas, and eight desmoplastic pleural metastases. Although the hyalinized fibrous areas within the desmoplastic mesotheliomas stained with keratin (ten of ten) and EMA (five of ten), the following reactive fibrous pleural lesions were also positive: plaques (four of ten keratin-positive, five of ten EMA-positive); scars (six of 11 keratin-positive, four of 11 EMA-positive); and fibrosis induced by metastases (six of eight keratin-positive, one of eight EMA-positive). Benign localized fibrous mesotheliomas were keratin- and EMA-negative. This study suggests that both benign and malignant fibrous pleural lesions may be of mesothelial origin and demonstrates the need to determine by histologic criteria whether the spindle cell component is benign or malignant before assessing the significance of its keratin or EMA immunoreactivity. The lack of keratin and EMA staining in benign localized fibrous mesotheliomas might be of use in distinguishing benign localized cellular fibrous mesotheliomas from sarcomatous mesotheliomas.
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PMID:Keratin and epithelial membrane antigen immunoreactivity in nonneoplastic fibrous pleural lesions: implications for the diagnosis of desmoplastic mesothelioma. 242 9

Hepatocellular carcinoma cells obtained from ascitic fluid after diethylnitrosamine treatment of Sewall Wright strain-2 guinea pigs produce solid (primary) tumors, lymph-node metastases and malignant ascites when reinjected into animals of the same strain. When brought into culture the cells settle, form multilayer cultures and can be maintained in passage. In addition to epithelium-specific cytokeratin intermediate filaments (IF), these latter cells, like most cultured cells, also contain vimentin. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells in solid tumors and in metastatic tumors retain their original keratin IF and in general do not have an additional vimentin-IF system. When the tumor cells are present in ascites they develop vimentin-IF in addition to cytokeratin filaments. Vimentin is gradually lost when these cells sediment onto the peritoneal surface and proliferate continuously to form papillary projections, or when they are detected as circumscribed metastases. It seems likely, therefore, that in this system the synthesis of an additional vimentin cytoskeleton is related to reduced cell-to-cell contact and to the ability of the cells to survive individually or as cell clusters in body fluids, without being part of a cohesive tissue.
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PMID:Changing intermediate-sized filament patterns in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells of the guinea pig. 242 67

Four spontaneously transformed keratinocyte lines (HELP I-IV) were raised from primary cultures of mouse epidermal cells grown on gas-permeable (Petriperm) dishes. Although tumorigenic, these cell lines still expressed the differentiated phenotype under mesenchymal influence in vivo in a fashion similar to normal cells and in contrast to previous observations on other transformed cell lines. Initially, after transplantation onto adult mice, HELP cells generally formed well organized ortho-keratinizing epithelia closely resembling those of normal epidermal cells. Later, dysplastic epithelia and papilloma-like structures developed and cells invaded subcutaneous host tissue. When injected subcutaneously into newborn syngeneic mice, all four cell lines gave rise to differentiated carcinomas at high frequency. Keratinized metastases were detected in the lung with HELP I, albeit at low frequency. Although the four HELP cell lines differed morphologically and biochemically in their degree of ortho-keratinization, no inverse relationship to their malignant potential was evident. In contrast to cell cultures, HELP transplants and tumors expressed epidermis-type "suprabasal" keratins. Metabolic labeling and electrophoresis on one and two-dimensional gels revealed both the basic 67 kilodaltons (kDa) and acidic 58 kDa components, including presumptive derivatives analogous to those observed in epidermal stratum corneum. However, associated with alterations in tissue architecture, the spatial control of keratin expression was gradually lost in papilloma-like and invading transplants and tumors, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy (IIF). Thus, while cell differentiation appeared virtually normal, the progressive disturbances in tissue differentiation indicate important changes in the responsiveness of these malignant keratinocytes to environmental conditions.
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PMID:Environmental induction of differentiation-specific keratins in malignant mouse keratinocyte lines. 243 29

Thirteen cases of primary endocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma) were reviewed with the aim of defining the morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural criteria for diagnosis. The tumour cells were characterized by their scanty cytoplasm, generally small uniform nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin and multiple small nucleoli. Nuclear shapes varied from round to spindle, with larger and pleomorphic forms predominating in 2 tumours. A striking feature seen in 12 tumours was the occurrence of a "ball-in-mitt" pattern represented by 1 or 2 crescentic tumour cells closely wrapped around an oval cell. Staining for neuron-specific enolase was the most consistent marker of the tumour and the characteristic juxtanuclear globular staining for keratin and cytokeratin and the occasional coexpression of neurofilament set this tumour apart from other cutaneous neoplasms, in particular, metastatic carcinoid tumours and oat cell carcinoma from the lung. The fine structural features of note were striking paranuclear or juxtanuclear whorls of intermediate filaments, seen in 7 cases, the presence of variable numbers of membrane-bound dense core granules of 80-150 nm diameter in all cases and cytoplasmic spinous or microvillous projections containing microfilaments in 4 cases. Less consistent characteristics of primary endocrine carcinomas of the skin included cell moulding, argyrophilia and immunohistochemical staining for ACTH, VIP and calcitonin. The high frequency of vessel invasion in this series is in keeping with the high rate of local recurrence, lymph node metastases and visceral dissemination reported. The distinction from other similar appearing tumours in the skin is discussed.
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PMID:Criteria for the diagnosis of primary endocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma). A histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of 13 cases. 243 4

Fifty five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, pronase-pretreated esophageal carcinomas and their metastatic nodes were studied immunohistochemically with peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique for keratins using polyclonal antibody (DAKO), antibody against keratins of keratinocyte (KL1), against high molecular weight-keratin (EY904), and against low molecular weight-keratins (EY902, PKK1). The suprabasal layer of the esophageal epithelium was stained diffusely with DAKO, KL1 and EY902 and faintly or locally with EY904 and PKK1. Esophageal ducts were positive with any antibodies. We classified staining pattern of the esophageal carcinoma according to the localization and proportion of the positive cells in the cancer nests. No significant correlation of the staining pattern was found between the primary lesions and metastatic nodes. The proportion of the EY904-positive cells correlated significantly with the degree of lymph node metastasis, histologic stage, and prognosis by rank correlation method and generalized Wilcoxon test, but not with the depth of invasion nor histologic degree of differentiation. The proportion of DAKO-positive cells correlated significantly only with histologic degree of differentiation. It was supposed that esophageal carcinomas with high molecular weight-keratin had less tendency to metastasize to nodes.
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PMID:[An immunohistochemical study on esophageal carcinomas with various kinds of antikeratin antibodies]. 243 49

Intermediate filament keratin is regarded as a good marker for epithelial and mesothelial tumors. In the intracranial and intraspinal spaces keratin has been demonstrated only in the endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis, squamous epithelial islands in the pars tuberalis of the hypophysis and in the choroid plexus epithelium. Since gliomas and meningiomas do not express keratin, this marker provides an additional help for differentiating between primary and secondary CNS tumors. Indirect immunofluorescence using an anti-keratin serum was used in a retrospective search for keratin in 80 tumors of the cranium and intraspinal space. Of the primary CNS tumors keratin positivity occurred in craniopharyngiomas, epidermoid tumors, pituitary adenomas, chordomas, a plexus papilloma as well as in the majority of germ cell tumors. Only 3 renal cell carcinoma metastases of 21 metastatic epithelial cell tumors (7 bronchial carcinomas, 6 breast cancers, 6 renal carcinomas, 1 rectum carcinoma, 1 cervix carcinoma) were keratin-negative. Similar findings were made in two melanoma metastases which we examined, whereas in a seminoma metastasis a few keratin expressing cells were found. Primary CNS tumors such as myxopapillary ependymomas, medulloepitheliomas, malignant meningiomas and paragangliomas which are often difficult to distinguish from these metastases proved to be keratin negative.
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PMID:[Significance of immunohistochemistry in neuro-oncology. V. Keratin as a marker for epithelial differentiation of primary and secondary intracranial and intraspinal tumors]. 244 Feb

A composite tumor of the gastric antrum composed of areas of adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoid is described, with histochemical and immunohistochemical documentation of endocrine and nonendocrine differentiation. The neoplasm maintained a composite architecture both within the site of origin and in lymph node metastases. The adenocarcinoma displayed a predominantly tubular architecture with focal sheets of clear cells. The poorly differentiated carcinoid was argyrophilic, chromogranin immunoreactive, and focally serotonin immunoreactive, and contained keratin intermediate filaments in a distinctive distribution suggestive of endocrine differentiation. Among the tumors of the carcinoma-carcinoid spectrum, the composite tumor is less common than either carcinomas with interspersed endocrine cells or carcinoids with interspersed nonendocrine cells.
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PMID:Composite gastric carcinoma. Report of a tumor of the carcinoma-carcinoid spectrum. 244 55

A total of 32 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), 10 cholangiocarcinomas (CC), one combined HCC-CC, and 10 adenocarcinomas metastatic to the liver were studied immunohistochemically using AE1 and Cam 5.2, monoclonal antikeratin antibodies with different specificities. AE1 recognizes keratins with molecular weights of 56.5, 50/50', 48, and 40 kd (keratin nos. 10, 14, 15, 16, and 19, according to Moll's catalog), and labels many epithelia, including bile duct epithelium, but not hepatocytes. Both biliary epithelium and hepatocytes are stained by Cam 5.2, which reacts with keratins of molecular weights 50, 43, and 39 kd (corresponding to keratin nos. 8, 18, and 19). Tissues were formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, and a three-stage immunoperoxidase technique was employed. Of 32 pure HCCs, 29 were unreactive with AE1 yet were positive with Cam 5.2. The intensity and extent of immunostaining with Cam 5.2 did not correlate with tumor grade. In contrast to the HCCs, all 10 CCs and the 10 hepatic metastases were strongly positive with both AE1 and Cam 5.2. The combined HCC-CC was also labeled by both antibodies. We conclude that most HCCs express an immunohistochemical keratin profile identical to that of nonneoplastic hepatocytes, which differs from the keratin patterns of bile ducts, CCs, and metastatic adenocarcinomas from a variety of primary sites. These differences in immunoreactivity with antikeratin antibodies may prove useful in diagnostic surgical pathology.
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PMID:The diagnostic utility of the keratin profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. 244 24

Estrogen receptor (ER) immunocytochemical assay (ER-ICA) was assessed in 400 human breast carcinomas. In all cases, patient's age, tumor size, histological type and Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade, and presence or absence of axillary lymph node metastases and of vessel invasion in tumor borders were recorded. In 310 cases estrogen and progesterone receptors were concomitantly evaluated (dextran coated charcoal method). In 60 of these cases the ER immunoenzymatic assay (ER-IEA) was also assessed. Monoclonal H222sp gamma and peroxidase antiperoxidase procedures (Abbott kit) were applied in frozen sections, tumor imprints, and fine-needle aspirates. A computerized system of image analysis referred to as SAMBA (TITN), permitted a multiparametric quantitative analysis of ER-positive surfaces. With this system, in each tumor, the cellularity, percentage of ER surface versus the total cell surface and versus the epithelial (keratin-positive) surface, integrated optical density, mean optical density, index of the concentration of labeled objects, and integrated optical density histograms, were obtained and correlated to histological and biochemical data. It was shown that (a) ER antigenic sites were heterogeneously distributed in ER-positive tumors, with a specific nuclear localization in epithelial cells; (b) SAMBA 200 multiparametric analysis of the ER sites distribution in tissue was appropriate, accurate, reproducible, and therefore more reliable than the semiquantitative analysis; (c) standardization and complete automation of this method of immunoprecipitates evaluation on tissue section permits daily and routine analysis of a large number of preparations; (d) there was a correlation between ER binding sites evaluation (dextran coated charcoal) and ER antigenic sites immunodetection (ER-ICA and ER-IEA); (e) there was a correlation between the SAMBA evaluation of ER-ICA and other histological prognostic factors such as small tumor size, low Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade; (f) the preliminary SAMBA analysis of ER-ICA in tissue sections, imprints, and fine needle aspirates suggest that fine needle aspirates may not reflect accurately the tumor cell heterogeneity.
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PMID:Multiparametric study (SAMBA 200) of estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assay in 400 human breast carcinomas: analysis of estrogen receptor distribution heterogeneity in tissues and correlations with dextran coated charcoal assays and morphological data. 244 56


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