Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human epithelial cells contain, intermediate-sized filaments formed by polypeptides related to epidermal alpha-keratin ("cytokeratins") which are expressed in different combinations in different epithelia. Using cytoskeletal proteins from human biopsies and autopsies we have examined, by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting experiments, the cytokeratin polypeptide patterns of diverse primary and metastatic carcinomas and have compared them with those of corresponding normal epithelial tissues and cultured cells. Five groups of carcinoma cytokeratin patterns can be discriminated. (1) Cytokeratins typical of simple epithelia (polypeptides Nos. 7, 8, 18, 19) are expressed, in various combinations, by many adenocarcinomas, for example those of gastrointestinal tract. (2) Cytokeratins typical of stratified epithelia (Nos. 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14-17) are found, in various combinations, in squamous cell carcinomas of skin and tongue. (3) Complex patterns showing polypeptides Nos. 7, 8, 18, 19, and one basic component (No. 5 or 6) are detected in certain carcinomas of the respiratory tract and the breast. (4) Complex patterns containing cytokeratins widespread in stratified epithelia (Nos. 4-6, 14-17) as well as components Nos. 8 and 19 occur in diverse squamous cell carcinomas derived from non-cornified stratified epithelia, with or without additional small amounts of cytokeratin No. 18. (5) Patterns of unusually high complexity can be found in some rare tumors as is shown for a cloacogenic carcinoma. No significant qualitative changes of expression of cytokeratins were found when primary tumors and metastases were compared. When compared with cytokeratin patterns of normal epithelia, carcinomas of the first type usually display a high degree of relatedness to the tissue of origin. Other carcinomas do not express some of the cytokeratins present in the tissue of their origin and, vice versa, certain components which are minor or apparently absent in normal tissue are major cytokeratins in the corresponding tumor. These differences may be explained by cell type selection during carcinogenesis, but changes of expression during tumor development cannot be categorically excluded. The possibility of cell type heterogeneity within a given tumor is also discussed. Similarly complex patterns of cytokeratin polypeptides have been noted in certain cultured human carcinoma cell lines (e.g., A-431, RPMI 2650, Detroit 562, A-549) and can also be observed in cell clones. The possible value of analyses of cytokeratin patterns, by gel electrophoresis or specific monoclonal antibodies, in distinguishing different carcinomas by non-morphologic criteria is discussed.
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PMID:Complex cytokeratin polypeptide patterns observed in certain human carcinomas. 618 57

Twenty-one anaplastic tumors were studied by light microscopy (LM), immunoperoxidase staining using anti-epidermal cytokeratin (ECK) and anti-Mallory body cytokeratin (MBCK) antibodies, and electron microscopy (EM), to determine whether an epithelial origin could be confirmed. The tumors were derived from lung, stomach, colon, breast, uterus, kidney, bladder, and mesothelium. By LM, the tumors consisted of either large and polygonal, spindle or small, round cells. With immunoperoxidase staining, 11 (52%) of the anaplastic tumors were positive for ECK, positivity being either absent or only weak in the main tumor mass, but marked in areas of infiltration and metastases. In contrast, all of the anaplastic tumors were positive for MBCK in the main tumor mass, infiltrating areas, and metastases. In the case of adenocarcinomas, staining was either web-like or diffuse throughout the cytoplasm with concentration occurring at the cell surface, whereas in mesotheliomas, the staining was either diffuse or showed focal perinuclear accentuation. Twelve of 13 anaplastic tumors examined by EM showed epithelial features (desmosomes, tonofilaments, lumina, and/or microvilli). As controls, 21 non-epithelial tumors (five melanomas, eight sarcomas, and eight lymphomas) showed no reactivity with either cytokeratin antibody. These studies show that the epithelial nature of undifferentiated and poorly differentiated tumors can be confirmed by immunohistochemistry using anti-cytokeratin antibodies.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of epidermal and Mallory body cytokeratin in undifferentiated epithelial tumors. Comparison with ultrastructural features. 619 99

Epithelial cells contain desmosomes, special intercellular junctions providing sites of membrane attachment for intermediate-sized filaments of the cytokeratin type (tonofilaments). Such sites of anchorage of tonofilaments appear as dense plaques on the cytoplasmic side of the desmosomal membrane. We have isolated desmosome-enriched fractions from bovine snout epidermis and tongue mucosa and have characterized the major protein associated with the desmosomal plaque. This protein occurs in equimolar amounts of two polypeptides of Mr 250,000 (desmoplakin I) and Mr 215,000 (desmoplakin II) which are chemically and immunologically related. Antibodies raised against desmoplakins allow the identification and localization of this protein in epithelial cells grown in tissues or in vitro and show crossreaction in species as diverse as man, mouse, and chicken. Using immunolocalization at the light and electron microscope levels, we show that these antibodies bind specifically to desmosomal plaques. Antibodies to desmoplakins have been used successfully for detection of desmosomal proteins in a broad variety of epithelium-derived human tumors, including primary carcinomas and their metastases, irrespective of the morphology of the specific tumor. Nonepithelial tumors examined have been negative. We propose to use antibodies to desmoplakins and to cytokeratins in pathological diagnosis as two independent markers for the positive immunocytochemical identification and classification of epithelium derived tumors.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical identification of epithelium-derived human tumors with antibodies to desmosomal plaque proteins. 634 Jan 2

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma is a well-known entity, but sarcomatoid collecting duct carcinoma has not been reported. We recently encountered five cases. The patients were men whose ages ranged from 59 to 82 years (mean age, 68 years). All presented with gross hematuria and three had abdominal fullness. Tumor size ranged from 6 to 9 cm in greatest dimension. The Fuhrman's nuclear grade of the carcinomatous components was 3 in three cases and 4 in two. The sarcomatoid areas were composed of pleomorphic spindle cells forming a malignant fibrous histiocytomatous pattern in four cases and a fibrosarcomatous pattern in one. The immunohistochemical findings in the carcinomatous and sarcomatoid components were identical. Wide-spectrum anti-cytokeratin cocktail, epithelial membrane antigen, and vimentin antibodies demonstrated immunoreactivity, while Leu-M1 did not react in all five cases. Three of the five tumors were positive for Ulex europaeus agglutinin I lectin. One sarcomatoid carcinoma reacted with monoclonal antibody to high molecular weight keratins, and all five tumors reacted with a monoclonal antibody to low molecular weight keratins. Two patients died at 5 months and 13 months after diagnosis, two are alive with metastatic disease at 1 and 14 months, and one is alive with no evidence of disease at 36 months.
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PMID:Sarcomatoid collecting duct carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of five cases. 750 49

This report is a case of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma presenting as multiple lytic lesions of the ilium with radiographic findings of diffuse, bilateral lung involvement and biopsy-proven scalp involvement. Histologically, the tumor within bone and skin exhibited cords and nests of plump, epithelioid-appearing cells exhibiting rudimentary vascular differentiation within a myxohyaline stroma. Aggressive histologic features were not present. Immunohistochemical reactivity for Factor VIII-related antigen, Q-bend 10 (CD34), and cytokeratin were demonstrated. Ultrastructural studies revealed abundant intermediate cytoplasmic filaments, pinocytotic vacuoles, and Weibel-Palade bodies. The concurrent bone, skin, and lung involvement, low-grade histologic type, and female sex of the patient aroused speculation about the role of hormones in the development and possible treatment of the tumor, but estrogen and progesterone receptors were not detected. Despite intense combination chemotherapy, the patient died of widely metastatic disease. This report demonstrates the aggressive potential of histologically low-grade epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and the need for a thorough evaluation for metastases.
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PMID:Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma with multiple site involvement. Literature review and observations. 750 96

The object of this study was to determine whether the immunohistochemical detection of cytokeratin (CK)-positive cells is useful as quick section diagnosis, and whether the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RLA) can be reduced by this method without any disadvantage for the patient. The RLA represents a combined diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for staging as well as removal of regional lymph node metastases in patients with malignant testis tumors. The disadvantage of the radical RLA is a 40 to 90% loss of potency. The risk of the reduced RLA is the relapse. The metastatic affection of the first retroperitoneal lymph node station, the so-called "sentinale" lymph nodes, allows a judgement for the remaining lymph nodes, and, therefore, for the extent of the necessary operation. The conventional frozen technique has a limited reliability, whereas the paraffin technique needs too much time. We used the immunohistochemistry as alternative method for the rapid as well as reliable evaluation of metastases. A group (7 cases) of 35 patients with non-seminomatous tumors of the testis was only treated by radical RLA after detection of CK-positive cells in the sentinale lymph nodes. The other patients were treated by modified RLA (20 cases) or reduced RLA (6 cases). The results were compared with a control group (48 cases) which was treated by radical RLA only. Using the modified RLA the relapse-free interval was not affected and the loss of ejaculation as a consequence of radical treatment could be avoided.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunohistological detection of lymph node metastases in the testicular center as quick section diagnosis during retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. 750 5

Individual disseminated epithelial tumour cells were detected in bone marrow aspirates in 41 of 108 patients (37%) with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck region by an immunocytochemical technique based on monoclonal antibodies raised against the cytokeratin No. 19. In the clinical stage I (T1N0M0) tumour cells were detected only in 26.3% of the patients, whereas in stage IV (T4N0M0, T(all)N2-3M0, T(all)N(all)M1) almost twice as many patients (47.7%) presented with tumour cells in the bone marrow. Apparently, grade of differentiation of the tumour (grading) had no influence on the spread of single tumour cells. An influence of the different localisations of the primary tumour on tumour cell spread or the rate of tumour recurrence cannot as yet be discovered. Cytokeratin No. 19 expressing cells were not detectable in the bone marrow of 18 patients with non-malignant disease. Seventy-three patients were included in a follow-up study with a mean observation time of 25 months (range: 4-52 months). The presence of epithelial cells at the time of primary treatment appears to indicate a significantly higher risk of development of local or distant tumour recurrences (p = 0.01). Of 46 patients initially exhibiting no tumour cells in the bone marrow, only 14 had a clinical recurrence. Whereas 17 of 27 patients who presented with tumour cells in the bone marrow developed either a local tumour recurrence or distant metastases in different organs. Patients presenting with bone marrow tumour cells showed a significantly shorter disease-free survival than those without (p = 0.002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Micrometastases in bone marrow of patients with cancers in the head and neck area]. 751 13

Herein we report the clinicopathological features of four cases of pulmonary artery sarcoma that appeared at our institution during a period of 30 years. The patients, 2 males and 2 females, were 50-62 years old. Tumour was found in the pulmonary trunk and right pulmonary artery in all cases, in the pulmonary valve and left pulmonary artery in three of the four cases, and in the right ventricular outflow tract in one case. There was direct extension or metastases to the lungs in two cases, the heart in one case, mediastinum or lymph nodes in two cases and the pleura in one case. Ultrastructural examination in one case revealed cells with features of smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemical examination of three cases gave the following results: vimentin and smooth muscle specific actin was positive in all three cases, desmin in one case and cytokeratin in one case. No positivity was found for Factor VIII. This and other studies indicate that histologically most pulmonary artery sarcomas are leiomyosarcomas or "undifferentiated spindle cell sarcomas". Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations favour an origin from myofibroblasts, probably derived from multipotent (undifferentiated) cells in the wall of the vessel. Most lesions show extensive intrathoracic growth although they rarely metastasize outside the thoracic cavity. They have a poor prognosis although some cases are currently being diagnosed during life.
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PMID:Sarcoma of the pulmonary artery: report of four cases with electron microscopic and immunohistochemical examinations, and review of the literature. 769 21

Hepatoblastoma, although rare, is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver in children. In this paper we describe a case of hepatoblastoma with unusual cytologic features and present the histologic, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features of this neoplasm. A 7-month-old girl presented with a large hepatic mass and metastatic nodules in both lungs. Intraoperative biopsy revealed a hepatoblastoma. Aspiration biopsy yielded a highly cellular aspirate with cords of pleomorphic cells embedded in a mucoid matrix. Histologic sections showed a diffusely infiltrative neoplasm composed of sheets and cords of highly pleomorphic cells. The neoplastic cells stained strongly positive for cytokeratin CAM 5.2 and AE1 and focally positive for alpha-fetoprotein, ferritin, carcinoembryonic antigen and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells had abundant intercellular junctions and intracytoplasmic aggregates of intermediate filaments. A mucoid matrix, to our knowledge, has not been reported as a finding on aspiration biopsy. This patient presented with pulmonary metastases, and thus we think the mucoid matrix may be a marker of a more aggressive variant of hepatoblastoma. This case illustrates additional cytologic features of hepatoblastoma and the usefulness of aspiration biopsy in the rapid diagnosis of this rare tumor.
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PMID:Hepatoblastoma. Report of a case with cytologic, histologic and ultrastructural findings. 751 34

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for cytokeratins are potent probes for the identification of disseminated individual epithelial tumour cells in mesenchymal organs such as bone marrow. We have used a monoclonal antibody (mAB) against cytokeratin 18 (CK18) for the detection of individual metastatic tumour cells in bone marrow aspirates from 84 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. CK18+ cells were detected in a sensitivity of 1 per 8 x 10(5) marrow cells using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) system for staining. We were able to detect CK18+ tumour cells in the marrow of 33% of patients with stage N0M0 prostate cancers. The incidence of CK18+ cells showed a significant correlation with established risk factors, such as local tumour extent, distant metastases and tumour differentiation. For further characterization of such cells in patients with prostate cancer, we developed an immunocytochemical procedure for simultaneous labelling of cytokeratin component no. 18 (CK18) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In a first step, cells were incubated with a murine mAb against PSA, followed by gold-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies. In a second step, a biotinylated mAb to CK18 was applied as primary antibody and subsequently incubated with complexes of streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase, which were developed with Newfuchsin substrate. The binding of gold-labelled antibodies was visualized by silver enhancement. CK18+ cells co-expressing PSA were found in bone marrow aspirates from 5 out of 14 patients with carcinomas of the prostate. The specificity of CK18 for epithelial tumour cells in bone marrow was supported by negative staining of 12 control aspirates from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunocytochemical detection and phenotypic characterization of micrometastatic tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer. 752 Oct 88


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