Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunohistochemical (IHC) techniques should allow for a greater detection of bone marrow micrometastasis in patients with breast carcinoma. We studied a series of bone marrow (BM) biopsies negative by conventional histologic techniques from 93 patients with breast carcinoma. Prior to this study, twelve BM biopsies, positive by conventional histology, were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), directed either against cytokeratin (KL1, AE1-AE3, CAM5-2) or epithelial membrane antigen (EMA, HMFG2). KL1 appeared to be the most sensitive of the markers used in the detection of metastases and is available commercially. It therefore was the only MoAb used with the series of 93 BM biopsies negative by conventional examination. Within this series, among 45 patients clinically suspected of having bone marrow metastasis but with BM biopsies negative by conventional staining, one case showing myelofibrosis stained positive with KL1 demonstrating isolated tumor cells. For the 48 patients without suspicion of bone marrow metastasis at initial diagnosis for breast carcinoma, KL1 revealed no marrow metastasis. Single bone marrow biopsy techniques whether stained by conventional or IHC methods do not appear to be useful tests to detect occult bone marrow metastasis, especially at initial diagnosis of clinically Mo breast carcinoma patients.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow biopsies for detection of occult metastasis in breast cancer. 232 27

Twelve cases of alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) were reviewed. Seven of them arose primarily in the lower extremities, three in the head and neck region, and two in other parts. ASPSs in the head and neck region occurred in children before 10 years of age, whereas ASPSs in the other regions occurred in rather older patients. Moreover, ASPSs of the head and neck were relatively small in size, and were diagnosed earlier than those in other regions. Histologically, six cases (including all the head and neck cases) contained considerable area of small and indistinct alveolar structures. Four cases showed remarkable cellular pleomorphism. Immunohistochemical demonstration of vimentin, desmin, the beta-subunit of enolase and the MM isozyme of creatine kinase, together with the absence of immunoreactive cytokeratin, supported the myogenic nature of this rare tumor. A small number of S-100 protein-positive tumor cells were also observed. Follow-up data for these cases disclosed that the tumors containing considerable area of small alveoli and uniform small tumor cells formed distant metastases at an early stage.
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PMID:Alveolar soft part sarcoma. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases. 236 Apr 59

This report describes the light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) features and the results of an indirect immunofluorescence study (IF), the latter using monoclonal and monospecific antibodies to cytoskeletal proteins, of a malignant, invasive and metastatic breast myoepithelioma. A 53-year-old female underwent mastectomy for a large necrotic mammary tumor that had invaded the overlying skin. By LM, the neoplasm was composed of interlacing bundles of large, elongated and interspersed stellate cells with acidophilic cytoplasm. The neoplastic cells displayed a moderate degree of anaplasia, high mitotic activity, and strong tendency for necrosis. Stromal desmoplasia was marked, especially toward the center of the neoplasm. By IF, the tumor cells revealed bright cytoplasmic fluorescence with antibodies to actin, prekeratin, and cytokeratin. A few scattered spindle cells, which stained with the anti-vimentin and anti-actin anti-bodies, most likely represented stromal myofibroblasts. The anti-desmin reaction was negative. By EM, the neoplasm was composed of variably differentiated, elongated and stellate myoepithelial cells connected by desmosomes, enveloped by remnants of basal lamina, and containing pinocytotic vesicles, a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, large Golgi areas, aggregates of intermediate filaments that were often arranged in dense curvilinear bundles (tonofilaments), and bundles of microfilaments with fusiform, dense bodies. The combined LM, EM, and IF study of this mammary tumor establishes its myoepithelial origin and, thus, identifies it as myoepithelial carcinoma distinct from other spindle cell breast tumors. This neoplasms was locally invasive and cytologically malignant; moreover, its malignancy was further confirmed by the development of lung and pleural metastases.
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PMID:Malignant myoepithelioma (myoepithelial carcinoma) of the breast: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. 241

The diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is often difficult, because this tumor may present with direct extension into adjacent renal parenchyma or with metastatic disease. Renal cell carcinoma and other histologically similar tumors are potentially confused with ACC by conventional light microscopy, and their separation from the latter is often impossible without the aid of additional studies. Furthermore, the distinction between adrenal cortical adenoma and ACC may also be problematic. Because of these factors, the authors studied 10 cases each of ACC, adrenocortical adenoma, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) immunohistochemically, in an attempt to develop objective parameters which may aid in this differential diagnostic dilemma. Nontrypsinized, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were used in all cases, and tissue from the adrenocortical tumors was also studied for intermediate filament content after protease digestion. All 20 nontrypsinized adrenocortical neoplasms were positive for vimentin, but not for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, or blood group isoantigens. Conversely, each of 10 cases of RCC expressed epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and blood group isoantigens, but none was immunoreactive for vimentin. Two adrenocortical carcinomas and three adenomas manifested cytokeratin positivity after trypsin digestion. There were no significant differences between the immunostaining profiles of ACC and adrenocortical adenoma, which suggest that this distinction must still rely upon clinical and morphologic criteria.
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PMID:Adrenocortical carcinoma. An immunohistochemical comparison with renal cell carcinoma. 241 89

Antibodies to intermediate filament proteins react in a tissue-specific manner and can be used to characterize tumor cells present in thin-needle aspirates from solid tumors, from palpable lymph nodes and cells present in samples from peritoneal and pleural effusions. From our studies so far the following conclusions can be drawn: Polyclonal antisera to cytokeratins can identify carcinoma metastases in thin-needle aspirates from palpable lymph nodes and distinguish them from malignant lymphomas and nonmalignant lesions such as chronic lymphadenitis, which show only vimentin-positive cells. Monoclonal antibodies to specific cytokeratin polypeptides are able to distinguish between different types of epithelial tumor metastases, i.e. metastases from adenocarcinomas and metastases from squamous cell carcinomas. Cells present in peritoneal and pleural effusions can be partly characterized using intermediate filament antisera. We have found that metastatic adenocarcinoma cells from breast, ovary, endometrium, cervix, colon and stomach, as well as squamous cell carcinomas and malignant mesothelioma stain specifically with antibodies to cytokeratin while mesenchymally derived tumors such as malignant lymphomas, malignant melanomas, and fibrosarcomas, are positive for vimentin only. Metastatic tumor cells of epithelial origin present in aspirates from human serous body cavity fluids may coexpress vimentin next to their original cytokeratin intermediate filaments. Benign mesothelial cells present in body cavity fluids frequently coexpress cytokeratins and vimentin. Tumor cells present in thin-needle aspirates from solid tumors such as pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland can be identified as such because of their typical patterns of intermediate filament (co-)expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cytoskeletal proteins as tissue-specific markers in cytopathology. 242 90

We determined the reactivity of two monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins that are typically expressed in certain stratified epithelia and several human squamous cell carcinomas using immunoblotting techniques and immunofluorescence microscopy. Antibody KS 8.12 reacted specifically with cytokeratin polypeptides nos. 13 and 16, and stained noncornified squamous epithelia in a rather uniform way. The examination of diverse human carcinomas showed all squamous cell carcinomas to be positively stained with this antibody, whereas all adenocarcinomas were negative. Another antibody, KK 8.60, reacted with polypeptides nos. 10 and 11, and uniformly stained the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. In several noncornified squamous epithelia (e.g., tongue, exocervix), in thymus reticulum epithelial cells, and in moderately and well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas this antibody exhibited a nonuniform labeling pattern that allowed the detection of individual cytokeratin-10/11-positive cells scattered throughout the tissue. It is concluded that antibodies KS 8.12 and KK 8.60 represent specific molecular probes for the definition of certain stages of squamous differentiation in normal development as well as in pathological processes such as squamous metaplasia and carcinogenesis. We propose the use of these antibodies in the differential diagnosis of carcinomas and their metastases.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies to various acidic (type I) cytokeratins of stratified epithelia. Selective markers for stratification and squamous cell carcinomas. 242 82

Hepatocellular carcinoma cells obtained from ascitic fluid after diethylnitrosamine treatment of Sewall Wright strain-2 guinea pigs produce solid (primary) tumors, lymph-node metastases and malignant ascites when reinjected into animals of the same strain. When brought into culture the cells settle, form multilayer cultures and can be maintained in passage. In addition to epithelium-specific cytokeratin intermediate filaments (IF), these latter cells, like most cultured cells, also contain vimentin. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells in solid tumors and in metastatic tumors retain their original keratin IF and in general do not have an additional vimentin-IF system. When the tumor cells are present in ascites they develop vimentin-IF in addition to cytokeratin filaments. Vimentin is gradually lost when these cells sediment onto the peritoneal surface and proliferate continuously to form papillary projections, or when they are detected as circumscribed metastases. It seems likely, therefore, that in this system the synthesis of an additional vimentin cytoskeleton is related to reduced cell-to-cell contact and to the ability of the cells to survive individually or as cell clusters in body fluids, without being part of a cohesive tissue.
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PMID:Changing intermediate-sized filament patterns in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells of the guinea pig. 242 67

Spindle cell squamous carcinoma is a highly malignant neoplasm, characterized by a biphasic appearance, due to the presence of a diffuse proliferative pattern of pleomorphic spindle cells with extremely rare foci of conventional squamous cell carcinoma. Epithelial markers in eight cases of spindle-cell squamous carcinoma of the head and neck region were studied by immunocytochemistry. Epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin resulted strongly positive in the spindle cells of the sarcoma-like areas demonstrating the epithelial nature of the neoplasm. In 6 of our patients who later died from widespread metastases, the neoplasm had poor prognosis with a mean survival rate of 14.7 months.
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PMID:Spindle-cell squamous carcinoma of head and neck region: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of eight cases. 243 73

Thirteen cases of primary endocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma) were reviewed with the aim of defining the morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural criteria for diagnosis. The tumour cells were characterized by their scanty cytoplasm, generally small uniform nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin and multiple small nucleoli. Nuclear shapes varied from round to spindle, with larger and pleomorphic forms predominating in 2 tumours. A striking feature seen in 12 tumours was the occurrence of a "ball-in-mitt" pattern represented by 1 or 2 crescentic tumour cells closely wrapped around an oval cell. Staining for neuron-specific enolase was the most consistent marker of the tumour and the characteristic juxtanuclear globular staining for keratin and cytokeratin and the occasional coexpression of neurofilament set this tumour apart from other cutaneous neoplasms, in particular, metastatic carcinoid tumours and oat cell carcinoma from the lung. The fine structural features of note were striking paranuclear or juxtanuclear whorls of intermediate filaments, seen in 7 cases, the presence of variable numbers of membrane-bound dense core granules of 80-150 nm diameter in all cases and cytoplasmic spinous or microvillous projections containing microfilaments in 4 cases. Less consistent characteristics of primary endocrine carcinomas of the skin included cell moulding, argyrophilia and immunohistochemical staining for ACTH, VIP and calcitonin. The high frequency of vessel invasion in this series is in keeping with the high rate of local recurrence, lymph node metastases and visceral dissemination reported. The distinction from other similar appearing tumours in the skin is discussed.
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PMID:Criteria for the diagnosis of primary endocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma). A histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of 13 cases. 243 4

Metastatic poorly differentiated carcinomas often represent diagnostic difficulties in surgical pathology. Therefore, the expression of cytokeratins of different molecular weights (54, 57, and 66 kd) were compared in paraffin sections of 37 primary carcinomas with their lymph node metastases by an avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method, using monoclonal antibodies. The epithelial tumors consisted of 16 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 17 adenocarcinomas with different degrees of differentiation (well, moderately, or poorly differentiated), a renal cell carcinoma, a hepatocellular carcinoma, a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, and a carcinoid tumor of the stomach. The primary and metastatic tumors showed the same cytokeratin profiles. All SCCs and their metastases were positive for 57-kd cytokeratin and negative for 54-kd cytokeratin. All adenocarcinomas and their metastases were positive for 54-kd cytokeratin and negative for 66-kd cytokeratin. The extent of reactions varied with the differentiation of the carcinomas, with well-differentiated tumors showing more diffuse staining. Cases of lymphoma, sarcoma, and melanoma were negative for the three types of cytokeratins. The results indicate that identification of different molecular weight cytokeratins may be used to distinguish poorly differentiated SCCs from poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, even in metastatic tumors. In addition, demonstration of these cytokeratins is useful in substantiating presence and identity of small foci of metastases in lymph nodes.
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PMID:Comparison of cytokeratin expression in primary and metastatic carcinomas. Diagnostic application in surgical pathology. 243 26


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