Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The vascular supply to tumours is often poorly formed and irregular with the result that tumours may contain regions of poor nutritional supply with hypoxia and acidic pH. Clinical studies have demonstrated substantial heterogeneity in oxygenation in human tumours. In some studies tumours with poorer oxygenation were more likely to have metastasized. In our studies of carcinoma of the cervix, nodal metastases were 1.5 times more likely at diagnosis in patients with more hypoxic tumours relative to those with less hypoxic tumours. Transplanted rodent KHT fibrosarcomas and SCC-VII squamous cell tumours also have variability in levels of oxygenation; again, the more hypoxic tumours are found to be more metastatic. Furthermore, deliberate exposure of KHT tumours to cyclic hypoxia (12 cycles of 5% oxygen breathing for 10 min interspersed with 10 min air breathing) every day during their growth, doubled the level of micrometastases that were detected in the lungs of the mice. These findings are consistent with in vitro studies demonstrating that KHT and SCC-VII cells and B-16 melanoma cells exposed to hypoxia or low pH have increased propensity to form metastases following injection into-mice. This effect is transient and is lost within about 48 h of removal of exposure to hypoxia or low pH, suggesting that the effect may be due to changes in gene expression associated with that stress. Recent studies have implicated a number of genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 8, in the effect of hypoxic and acid pH on metastasis.
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PMID:pH, hypoxia and metastasis. 1172 27

This study was carried out to provide extensive information obtained from statistical analysis of laryngeal endocrinomas for the use of investigators working in this particular research field. A total of 278 patients with both typical and atypical varieties of carcinoids, and with small/oat cell carcinomas (SCC/OCC) exhibiting a confirmed endocrine nature were statistically evaluated, and the significance in various clinicopathologic aspects among these three types of such endocrine neoplasms of the larynx was compared. A statistically significant difference between two groups of typical carcinoid and atypical variety was evident only in a few items such as rates of metastases, positive CEA, and multisecretory activity, while a significant difference between the carcinoid groups and SCC/OCC group was demonstrated in numerous areas, among others, e.g. 1) in the overall rates of metastases and at the sites of involvement, 2) in Grimelius argyrophilia, 3) in immunohistochemical demonstration of positive chromogranin, CEA, calcitonin and multisecretory activity, and 4) in the 5-year survival rates. Such a definite difference between the carcinoid groups and SCC/OCC group suggested an apparently different characteristic nature present between these two series of neoplasms. The necessity of an international agreement regarding diagnostic criteria for typical carcinoids and atypical varieties was in particular emphasized from a viewpoint of an exceptionally high incidence of laryngeal atypical carcinoids in comparison to such neoplasms in other organs.
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PMID:Laryngeal endocrinomas (carcinoids and relevant neoplasms): analysis of 278 reported cases. 1207 30

Oncolytic herpesviruses have significant antitumoral effects in animal models when delivered directly to established tumors. Lymphatic metastases are a common occurrence for many tumor types. This study investigates the potential of an attenuated, replication-competent, oncolytic herpes simplex virus (NV1023) both to treat a primary tumor by direct injection and to travel through the lymphatic system to treat metastatic tumor within the lymph nodes draining lymph from the site of primary cancer. Isosulfan blue dye was injected into murine auricles to determine normal lymphatic drainage patterns and demonstrated consistent blue staining of a group of ipsilateral cervical lymph nodes. Auricular injections of NV1023 resulted in viral transit to these lymph nodes as measured by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside histochemistry and viral plaque assay. An oncolytic herpesvirus (NV1066) expressing green fluorescent protein also demonstrated viral transit from the auricle to the cervical lymph nodes on fluorescence microscopy. Using the SCC VII cell line, a novel murine model of auricular squamous cell carcinoma was developed with an approximately 20% incidence of cervical lymph node metastases. Delivery of NV1023 or NV1066 to the surgical beds after excision of auricular SCC VII tumors resulted in successful viral infection of metastatic SCC VII cells within the cervical lymph nodes. After a 7-week follow-up, significantly enhanced locoregional control (p < 0.05, Fisher exact test) and disease-free survival (p < 0.05, log rank test) were evident with NV1023 treatment. This study demonstrates that the delivery of an oncolytic herpesvirus to a primary tumor site after surgical excision may have a significant impact on reducing both primary site recurrence and regional nodal metastases.
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PMID:Oncolytic herpesvirus effectively treats murine squamous cell carcinoma and spreads by natural lymphatics to treat sites of lymphatic metastases. 1213 74

Primary squamous cell colorectal carcinomas are uncommon, and their characteristics are not well known. They seem to occur most commonly in the fifth decade of life with a slight predominance for men. The most commonly reported anatomic locations are the rectum and the proximal colon. Clinical features and common diagnostic methods do not easily differentiate squamous cell colorectal carcinomas from adenocarcinomas. Because of their extremely rare occurrence, it is difficult to study their natural course, clinical behavior, and response to therapy. This report presents the case of a pure squamous cell colorectal cancer and provides a brief review of the literature, which includes 60 previously published cases. The case of a patient with T3N2M0 primary squamous cell carcinoma of the rectosigmoid colon, which was initially treated with abdominoperineal resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation, is presented. During the follow-up, an elevated squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC Ag) level led to restaging computed tomography scans, which confirmed recurrent metastatic disease in the liver. Response to chemotherapy with a decrease in tumor size correlated with a decrease in the serum SCC Ag level. Although SCC Ag has been used as a tumor marker for squamous cell cancers of the lung, head and neck, uterine cervix, and esophagus, this is the first reported case of a squamous cell colon carcinoma presenting with an elevated SCC Ag at the time of recurrence. In addition, this patient showed an objective partial response to combination chemotherapy, with a decrease in the serum level of this tumor marker.
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PMID:Squamous cell carcinoma of the colon with an elevated serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen responding to combination chemotherapy. 1244 80

A 65-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of weight loss. Endoscopic examination and computed tomography (CT) revealed an advanced gastric cancer with multiple abdominal lymph node swellings. Distal partial gastrectomy was performed but lymph node resection was not done, since it was not thought to be curative. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed for 4 courses with a regimen of ADM 20 mg/m2 day 1, CDDP 50 mg/m2 day 1, ETP 100 mg/day days 3-7, 5-FU 600 mg/m2 every other day on days 3-29. After 3 courses of ACVF therapy, the patient's serum CEA and SCC level normalized and the lymph node metastases became undetectable by CT scan. No severe side effects were observed at any time during the administration of these medications. In this case, serum SCC level was elevated even though histologic examination did not reveal squamous cell carcinoma but poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. On immunohistochemical analysis, these tissues were stained diffusely with CEA, locally with AE1 + 3, and partially with PAS or Alcian blue. We speculate that this tumor could have developed the potency of SCC secretions without structural change into squamous metaplasia.
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PMID:[A case of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma with mild elevation of serum SCC that responded remarkably to adjuvant chemotherapy of ADM, CDDP, ETP and 5-FU (ACVF)]. 1255 15

Apoptosis is a genetically determined process playing an active role in tissue size regulation, morphogenesis and removing damaged cells that could be potentially dangerous for their host. Several agents involved in apoptosis regulation, such as the bcl-2 family components, act as oncogenes and are involved in oral carcinogenesis. Aim of this study is to explore bcl-2 immunoreactivity in oral cancers and to assess its potential clinico-pathological implications. Ninety oral squamous cell carcinoma and 10 normal mucosal formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were analysed for bcl-2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Normal oral mucosa showed a cytoplasmic pattern of bcl-2 immunoreactivity in the basal cell layers. Seventy-four cases of carcinoma (83%) showed no immunoreactivity, at variance with 16 cases (17%) manifesting consistent cytoplasmic positivity. Overall, the peripheral cells of differentiating epithelial tumour islands were intensely stained, with decreasing immunoreactivity toward the centre of the neoplastic nests. Fully keratinised tumour cells showed inconspicuous or absent bcl-2 immunoreactivity. No statistically significant correlations could be demonstrated between bcl-2 immunoreactivity and the sex of the patients, tumour size and with the occurrence of lymph node metastases. Though a direct correlation was found between bcl-2 immunoreactivity and increasing tumour stage, this did not reach statistical significance. Furthermore, G1 and G3 tumours displayed higher percentages of bcl-2-positive cells in comparison with G2 neoplasms and the different distribution of bcl-2 immunoreactivity in G2 and G3 was statistically significant (p<0.05). Finally, patients with absent or low (scores 0 and 1) bcl-2 immunoreactive tumours manifested poorer overall survival rates in comparison with patients with moderate or high (scores 2 and 3) bcl-2 immunoreactive tumours but the difference was not statistically significant. In normal oral mucosa bcl-2 protein is selectively present in the basal cell layers and possibly participates in the control of the terminal keratinocytes differentiation. The study of bcl-2 immunoreactivity possibly may be useful for better characterising and predicting the prognosis of oral SCC but cooperative studies are needed to assess its applications in the clinical practice.
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PMID:Expression of bcl-2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of 90 cases with clinico-pathological correlations. 1257 59

We present a case of adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) which developed in the floor of the mouth of a 72-year-old Japanese man, and review 19 reported ASC cases in Japan from between 1986 and 2001, including the subject case herein. These ASCs occurred at an average age of 63 years, with 74% of the ASCs occurring in the floor of the mouth (8) and the tongue (6); the other sites of occurrence were the palate (3) and mandibular alveolus (2). Chief complaints were painless mass formation (28%), pain and/or sensational abnormality (28%), painful ulcer or swelling (22%), simple ulcer (11%), and miscellaneous others (11%). The clinical presentations of ASC were tumor with ulceration (58%), tumorous mass (26%), and ulcer (16%). Tumor size at first examination varied from bean-size to approximately 65 x 40 mm. In the pretreatment period, 31.3% were known to have cervical lymph node involvement, and descriptions on distant metastasis were not noted in any of the 19 cases. Some of the ASCs were initially diagnosed as other types of lesions, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 41%), adenocarcinoma (Ad.C; 12%) mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC; 6%), and MEC or SCC (6%). After initial treatments, neck and distant metastases were ascertained in 47.1 and 17.6% of the cases, respectively. Generally, a surgical procedure was performed as one of the most critical methods of treatment. The overall 5-year survival rate was 57.0%, with that of patients who underwent active treatment at 60.6%. Our study demonstrates the extent of the varied nature of ASC.
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PMID:Clinical characteristics of oral adenosquamous carcinoma: report of a case and an analysis of the reported Japanese cases. 1261 6

Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node (SN) detection has been studied extensively in melanoma and breast cancer. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), however, experience in this field is relatively meagre. The purpose of this study was to document and evaluate lymphoscintigraphic findings in HNSCC patients. Eighty-two patients with clinical T1-T4 N0 SCC of the oral cavity or oropharynx received peritumoral injections of 25-75 MBq 99mTc-colloidal albumin (CA). Dynamic lymphoscintigraphy was performed in lateral projection for 20 min, followed by 2 min static imaging in anterior projection. In 26 patients, additional static images were obtained 2-6 h after injection of the tracer. In four of 82 patients, both early and late imaging revealed no tracer transport. In 78 of 82 patients, one (60), two (14) or three (4) SNs could be visualized, either by dynamic scintigraphy (73) or delayed static imaging (5). In 48 of 78 (62%) patients, the SN was visualized within the first minute of dynamic imaging. In particular, SNs of tumours of the mobile tongue were visualized within the first minute. No effect of T-stage or 99mTc-CA dose on the transport time of the tracer towards the SN was seen. The distribution of the SNs in the various levels of the neck relative to the primary tumour sites within the oral cavity was in concordance with the patterns of lymph node metastases reported traditionally for patients with SCC in the oral cavity. This study demonstrates the different variables affecting SN identification with lymphoscintigraphy using 99mTc-CA in HNSCC patients.
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PMID:Lymphoscintigraphic details of sentinel lymph node detection in 82 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. 1276

CEA, CA 125, SCC, CYFRA 21-1 and NSE were prospectively studied in 211 patients with non-small cell lung cancer and compared with clinical parameters (age, sex, Karnofsky Index, symptoms and smoking status), histopathological parameters (stage, histology, tumor size and nodal involvement), biological parameters (LDH and albumin) and the therapy used (surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy). Tumor marker sensitivity was CYFRA 21-1: 76%, CA 125: 55%, CEA: 52%, SCC: 33% and NSE: 22%. One of the tumor markers was abnormally high in 87% of the patients with locoregional disease and in 100% of the patients with metastases. Except for NSE, all tumor markers showed a clear relationship with tumor stage and histology and therefore enabled a better histological diagnosis. Abnormal CEA serum levels were mainly found in adenocarcinomas, CA 125 in large-cell lung cancers (LCLC) and adenocarcinomas and SCC in squamous tumors. Eighty-five percent of the patients with SCC levels >2 ng/ml had squamous tumors. Likewise, CA 125 levels <60 U/ml or CEA <10 ng/ml excluded adenocarcinoma or LCLC with a probability of 82 and 91%, respectively.
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PMID:Tumor markers (CEA, CA 125, CYFRA 21-1, SCC and NSE) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer as an aid in histological diagnosis and prognosis. Comparison with the main clinical and pathological prognostic factors. 1465 16

In a retrospective study, clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) of the hypopharynx are analyzed and compared with the literature. Among 196 patients treated for hypopharyngeal carcinoma between January 1993 and December 2000, 6 patients fulfilled the morphological and immunohistochemical criteria of a BSCC. Three primary tumors were initially classified as T(3) and 3 as T(1), 3 presented with lymph node metastases. In no case was the BSCC associated with another primary neoplasm. Two patients developed distant metastases during the follow-up and died from the disease at 26 and 35 months. Four patients are alive with no evidence of disease at 27, 29, 61 and 87 months. We observed a contrast in the clinical behavior between the cases reported in the literature and our cases, as our BSCC of the hypopharynx were not detected at a more advanced stage than were the SCC and were in no case associated with another second primary tumor. However, the number of our cases is too small to draw reliable conclusions.
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PMID:Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx. 1498 26


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