Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nitric oxide is an uncharged free radical that mediates a range of physiologic processes in the vasculature. As a principal determinant of vascular tone, the overproduction of nitric oxide has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis- and cytokine-induced hypotension. The enzyme that produces nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, exists in three isoforms. One of the three isoforms, inducible nitric oxide synthase, is expressed in many cell types only after stimulation by cytokines and/or endotoxin. Compared to the constitutive nitric oxide synthase enzymes, the inducible enzyme generates larger quantities of nitric oxide for longer periods. Expression of the inducible isoform in vitro requires stimulation by a mixture of cytokines including interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta. These proinflammatory cytokines are known mediators of sepsis and are also produced in the serum of cancer patients during interleukin-2 therapy, thereby leading to excessive production of nitric oxide. Interleukin-2 therapy is associated with a spectrum of cardiovascular toxicities and hemodynamic alterations that are indistinguishable from those seen in septic shock. Many of these hemodynamic effects have been linked to the overproduction of nitric oxide via a cytokine-inducible nitric oxide pathway. In this regard, inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis represents a novel approach to limit the cardiovascular toxicity associated with interleukin-2 therapy and to improve its therapeutic index. Clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in reversing the hypotension associated with IL-2 therapy are now underway.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 1998 Mar
PMID:The role of nitric oxide in interleukin-2 therapy induced hypotension. 954 27

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent short-lived and short range bioactive molecule, which plays a key role in physiological and pathological processes including inflammation and cancer. Detrimental effects of excessive NO production during septic shock have been well recognized. We tested the hypothesis that 'capillary leak syndrome' following systemic interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy resulted from a cascade of events leading to the induction of NO which, directly or indirectly, injured capillaries and caused fluid leakage. Our results provided the first direct evidence that the induction of active NO synthase (NOS) leading to the overproduction of NO is instrumental in IL-2-induced capillary leakage in mice and that successful blocking of this overproduction with chronic oral administration of NOS inhibitors can mitigate this leakage without interfering with the beneficial antitumor effects of IL-2 therapy. NO blocking agents can, in fact, improve IL-2-induced antitumor effector cell activation, as well as tumor regression. In our studies, NO blocking agents alone reduced the growth and metastasis of a murine mammary carcinoma, at least in part, by mitigating the invasion and angiogenesis-stimulating role of tumor-derived NO. Thus, NOS inhibitors may be useful in treating certain tumors and serve as valuable adjuncts to systemic IL-2 based immunotherapy of cancer and infectious diseases.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 1998 Mar
PMID:Role of nitric oxide in IL-2 therapy-induced capillary leak syndrome. 954 28

Forty-one patients with locally advanced hypopharyngeal carcinomas were followed for at least 3 years (median, 60 months) after simultaneous radiochemotherapy. Conventionally fractionated radiotherapy was administered as 5 x 2 Gy/week to a total dose of 30 Gy within 3 weeks. From the fourth week an accelerated hyperfractionated schedule was used as 2 x 1.4 Gy/day five days weekly given exclusively to the first order target volume of macroscopic tumor (adding up to a total dose of 72 Gy in six weeks). The second and third order target volumes received conventional fractionation only to 60 Gy and 50 Gy, respectively. The moderate acceleration of the concomitant boost scheme in the second half was counterbalanced during the first week by the introduction of a 5-fluorouracil bolus of 350 mg/M2 with 200 mg/M2 folinic acid and a subsequent continuous infusion using the same dose each 24 h for 5 days. Additionally, a Mitomycin-C bolus of 10 mg/M2 was infused at the fifth day and on the first day of the sixth week. Six weeks after treatment the patients were restaged. In cases with residual carcinoma salvage surgery was performed (11 patients). Late effects of therapy were analyzed according to the Lent-Soma index and life quality according to the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Module. Late effects of treatment were tolerable and were controlled locally. The 3-year-survival rate was 39%, with a local-regional recurrence-free control rate of 71%. Fifty-two percent of all cases of death were caused by distant metastases, secondary carcinomas or other diseases not related to tumor recurrence. The poor prognosis of hypopharyngeal carcinomas despite acceptable local tumor control may be due to specific biological factors present in affected patients.
HNO 1998 Feb
PMID:[Hyperfractionated accelerated simultaneous radiochemotherapy in advanced hypopharyngeal carcinomas. Survival rate, retained function quality of life in a phase II study]. 955 13

Metastatic lesions represent 1-8% of all malignant tumors of the mouth and jaws, with rare sites of metastasis originating from different primary tumors, especially the lung and breast. The vast majority of these lesions (up to 90%) have been observed in the mandible and maxilla (5-20%). Another rare type of cancer that usually metastasizes to the lungs, lymph nodes, bones, liver or brain may occasionally also show spread to the paranasal sinuses. In the present paper we report our management of a 50-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma who developed metastases to the frontal and ethmoid sinuses.
HNO 1998 Feb
PMID:[Metastatic spread of renal cell carcinoma in the area of the ethmoid and frontal sinuses]. 955 19

Oncocytomas of the minor salivary glands are uncommon epithelial tumors. Their occurrence is controversial because the formation of metastases and histological criteria of malignancy such as hypercellularity in connection with nuclear pleomorphism and local aggressive growth, have been described in only single cases. We report a case of a 66-year-old woman who was found to have an oncocytic adenoma localized in her left laryngeal vestibular ligament. Because no signs of malignancy could be found in our case the tumor was classified histologically as primary benign. We emphasize that thorough histological examination of oncocytic tumors and close clinical supervision are necessary. A general overview of the available literature and the histological classification of oncocytomas is given.
HNO 1998 Jun
PMID:[Oncocytoma. A contribution to differential diagnosis of laryngeal tumors]. 967 96

Basal cell adenocarcinoma is a rare entity that was first defined as a malignant salivary gland tumor in 1991. We present another case report and discuss pathology, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis on the basis of currently available literature. Although histomorphologic features of the tumors are similar to basal cell adenomas, proof of an infiltrative and destructive growth is essential for diagnosis. Adenoid cystic carcinoma and basaloid squamous carcinoma must also be considered in any differential diagnosis. Tumor development within a pre-existing basal cell adenoma and de novo development are discussed. Most of the tumors appear to be benign clinically. Facial pain is rare and facial nerve palsy was noted in only one case. Metastases have occurred in less than 10% of patients, with only one involving the lung. Due to their biologic behavior and prognosis, basal cell adenocarcinomas should be classified as low-grade carcinomas. The therapy of choice is parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve. Neck dissection has to be added in cases with cervical metastases. Radiation is advisable in patients with recurrent disease. Since there is a nearly 30% local recurrence rate, intensive follow-up is necessary.
HNO 1998 Sep
PMID:[Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland: a rare tumor entity. Case report and review of the literature]. 981 37

Screening for distant metastases from head and neck tumors is still controversial. In the present study, the records of 1087 patients with newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract were reviewed retrospectively to determine clinical factors influencing the incidence and location of distant metastases. Overall, 130 patients (12.0%) developed clinical evidence of metastatic disease, 17 of whom (1.6%) had metastases at the time of initial presentation. The rate of distant metastases significantly increased with the initial stage of tumors (P < 0.00001) and the occurrence of local and/or regional recurrences (P < 0.00001) or of second primaries below the clavicles (P < 0.0005). The locations of primary cancers as well as histopathologic grading were not independent risk factors for the development of distant metastases. They mainly reflected different frequency distributions of stages. The lungs, liver and bones were the most common sites of metastatic disease, being involved in 68.5%, 23.8% and 20.0% of cases, respectively. Our findings show that at the time of initial presentation chest X-ray alone appears to be sufficient to exclude distant metastases from tumors classified as T1-3 NO. Further screening comprising abdominal ultrasound, bone scanning and/or CT scans of the thorax is particularly indicated for patients with advanced-stage disease, local and/or regional recurrences and second primaries below the clavicles. However, the individual decisions should consider whether the detection of distant metastases will significantly affect clinical management.
HNO 1999 Jan
PMID:[Distant metastasis of squamous epithelial carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. The effect of clinical tumor parameters and course of illness]. 1009 88

Hemangiopericytomas are mesenchymal tumors and account for about 1% of all CNS tumors. Aggressive growth, tendency to local recurrence and relatively frequent metastases are the clinical features of these tumors. Histological characteristics are marked cellularity, vascularity and a dense net of reticular fibers. This case presents a patient with a local recurrence of a right temporal, atypical meningioma that had been operated on and irradiated elsewhere. After embolization large parts of the tumor were removed palliatively. Histological aspects of the resected tumor were consistent with a diagnosis of an atypical meningioma. Not until hepatic metastases from this tumor were found was the diagnosis re-examined and corrected to a malignant meningeal hemangiopericytoma. Surgical resection of primary tumor with frequent controls and, if needed, postoperative radiation therapy is the treatment of choice. Furthermore metastasizing atypical meningiomas should be examined critically to determine if a hemangiopericytoma is present.
HNO 1999 Mar
PMID:[Meningeal hemangiopericytoma with liver metastasis]. 1023 2

Extracranial meningiomas of the head and neck region are very rare, although secondary extracranial meningiomas beside meningiomas of primary extracranial origin have also been described. Trauma, radiation and (uncommonly) metastatic spread have been associated with the pathogenesis of secondary extracranial meningiomas. We present a case of a 53-year-old patient who required six neurosurgical interventions because of a recurrent intracranial meningioma. Further surgery was required for tumor in the left parotid gland. Histological examination of this neoplasm showed an atypical meningotheliomatous meningioma. The patient is now 17 months after surgery and is free of local recurrences or metastases.
HNO 1999 Jun
PMID:[Extracranial meningioma of the parotid gland]. 1042 29

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin 10 (Il-10) are cytokines that have a strong immunosuppressive ability. Their secretion by tumor cells is able to suppress an immunological response against tumor. Both factors have been shown to enhance tumor growth in glioblastomas and carcinoma of the breast. We determined the expression pattern of TGF-beta and Il-10 in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) and a possible association with tumor stage and their pre-treatment cytokine serum levels. Cytokine expression in primary tumors and metastases of 21 patients with HNSCC was investigated by immunohistochemistry. To assess the TGF-beta2 and Il-10 levels in tumor patients before therapy 49 serum specimens were analyzed by ELISA. TGF-beta2 was detected in 95% of all tumor tissues analyzed and Il-10 in 79% of all tumors. TGF-beta2 was localized in tumor cells and tumor borders, while Il-10 was preferentially found in peritumoral connective tissue. Metastasizing tumors showed elevated pretreatment serum levels for TGF-beta2 and Il-10. There was no correlation between TGF-beta2 and Il-10 expression in tumor tissue and pretreatment serum levels. Our data show that the majority of HNSCC analyzed express TGF-beta2 and Il-10. A correlation between pretherapy elevated cytokine serum levels and tumor grade was shown.
HNO 1999 Oct
PMID:[Cytokine expression of transforming growth factor-beta2 and interleukin-10 in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Comparison of tissue expression and serum levels]. 1055 Mar 71


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10