Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is predominantly produced by T-helper cells (TH1) having the phenotype CD4+, and by subpopulations of thymocytes after antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2 causes an indefinite growth of T-cells, and its function depends on binding to IL-2 receptors (IL-2R alpha and IL-2R beta). Thus the immune response of T cells is controlled through the expression of the IL-2 receptors and the IL-2 binding. IL-2 receptors are expressed not only by T-cells but also by B-cells, NK cells, monocytes, thymocytes, thymic stroma cells, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells. This explains the various functions of IL-2, such as increased immunoglobulin production, growth of certain B-cell subpopulations, macrophage-dependent cytotoxicity, growth and differentiation of oligodendrocytes and proliferation of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells. Abnormal production of IL-2 may lead to autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies and, under certain circumstances, to T-cell leukemia. With antibodies against the IL-2 receptors the binding of IL-2 may be blocked to avoid auto-aggressive destruction in autoimmune diseases. LAK cells increase the growth of NK cells and T-cell cytotoxicity against transformed cells. LAK cells, especially those from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, in conjunction with IL-2 have already been used with promising initial results in the treatment of distant metastases. In the future LAK cell therapy with IL-2 may be adopted to prevent metastases and second primary tumors in high-risk patients with head and neck cancer.
HNO 1991 Sep
PMID:[Interactions and biological mechanisms of action of molecular signal peptides. II. Interleukin 2 (IL-2)]. 183 10

The osteoclast is unique in its ability to resorb bone, and excessive osteoclastic activity has been implicated in osteoporosis, Paget disease of bone, rheumatoid arthritis, and the growth of metastases in bone. The activity of this cell is controlled by the main circulating inhibitor, calcitonin, in association with locally produced modulators. We show that nitric oxide (NO) may be an important member of the latter group. NO is produced by the vascular endothelium and nervous system and is involved in both neurotransmission and the regulation of blood pressure. However, our results show that the autocoid is also a potent inhibitor of osteoclast function. NO (30 microM) produced a decrease to approximately 50% of the original osteoclast spread area. Similar effects were also produced by 3-morpholinosydnonimine or sodium nitroprusside, reagents that spontaneously release NO. These shape changes were associated with a reduction of bone resorption after a 24-hr incubation of isolated osteoclasts on devitalized bone slices. NO is thought to act by stimulating guanylate cyclase, with a consequent increase in cyclic GMP, but a different mode of action is likely in the osteoclast since dibutyryl or 8-bromo cyclic GMP have no effect. It should be noted that calcitonin can produce similar changes in shape and activity but is associated with an increase in osteoclast intracellular calcium and cessation of membrane movement; neither of these is produced by NO, suggesting that its mode of action is different. The abundance of NO-producing endothelial cells in bone marrow and their proximity to osteoclasts suggests that marrow endothelial cells may play a physiological role in the regulation of osteoclastic activity.
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PMID:Osteoclastic inhibition: an action of nitric oxide not mediated by cyclic GMP. 184 81

The role of the lingual periosteum in the spread of tumours is not yet clear. We examined the histological behaviour of 60 cancers of the tongue and floor of the mouth lying close to the mandible. There were no tumour cells in the periosteal lymphatics. This is in accord with clinical experience that tumour invasion of the periosteum is not associated with an increased rate of metastases to the cervical lymph nodes. From our experience, we conclude that (1) a radical resection of the mandible is mandatory for every lesion lying in the gingivo-lingual gutter that invades bone; (2) for tumours close to, but not directly invading the lingual surface of the mandible, marginal resection of the alveolar ridge is appropriate and provides an adequate margin.
HNO 1991 Jun
PMID:[Mandibular resection in cancer of the tongue and/or mouth floor]. 191 87

Blood samples were taken from 39 patients with head and neck carcinomas after the initial irradiation, and the activity of the glycolytic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) was measured. All patients showed GPI peaks at reproducible times. The height of the enzyme peak occurring 15.5-19.5 h after irradiation, was significantly correlated with tumour size and histological tumour differentiation. A late enzyme peak was associated with regional lymph node metastases. Possible sources of the enzyme peaks are discussed from a radiobiological point of view, and the value of such enzyme peaks for the optimization of radiation therapy is pointed out.
HNO 1991 Jan
PMID:[Possibilities for optimizing radiotherapy of cancers of the ENT area by measuring oncoradiogenic enzyme peaks of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase]. 203 82

The results of palpation, CT and MRI and high resolution ultrasound were compared in 100 patients with malignancy of the head and neck. Ultrasound detected far more lymph nodes than the other methods. These diagnostic findings were compared with the operative and histological results in 62 patients. Ultrasound proved superior to the other methods: a lymph node metastasis was missed in only 2 patients by sonography, whereas in 20 patients metastases were overlooked by CT and MRI scans, and in 27 patients by palpation. High resolution ultrasound is at present the most reliable method for the detection of lymph nodes in the head and neck.
HNO 1991 Feb
PMID:[B-image sonography in lymph node staging of the head and neck area. A comparison with palpation, computerized and magnetic resonance tomography]. 203 76

Since 1975 we have treated nine patients with a malignant haemangiopericytoma. Three patients died 5, 9 and 14 years later of metastasis in the lung, liver, skeletal system and mastoid. However, five of the patients are still alive. Regular clinical and radiological follow-up is performed, the average period of follow-up being 8.2 years. Four patients suffered local recurrence within 1-5 years. Surgical resection was the primary therapy in five cases, supplemented in two cases by local radiation. Recurrences were treated by surgery on four occasions and six by radiation, but no complete remission was achieved. Chemotherapy (CyVADic regimen) was attempted in three patients with metastases and one patient with a huge local recurrence, but proved to be ineffective. A re-examination of the histological specimen of all primary tumours and recurrences did not reveal a correlation between histological appearance and clinical behaviour. Our experience in the treatment of malignant haemangiopericytoma and the data in the literature suggest that primary resection with a wide safety margin is the therapy of choice. Radiotherapy is recommended for incomplete resection, local recurrence, and metastases and inoperable tumours. Since recurrence and metastasis can occur after many years (up to 7 years in our patients) a lifelong regular follow-up is necessary.
HNO 1990 Sep
PMID:[Malignant hemangiopericytomas in the head and neck area]. 226 50

Patients with tumours of the lower pelvis were submitted to a biopsy of the scalene fat pad. The primary tumour was a carcinoma of the ovary in 32, of the cervix in 4, and of the body of the uterus in 2 cases. Microscopic metastases in the pre-scalene lymph nodes were found in 7 of the 32 cases of ovarian carcinoma (21.8%), but in none of the patients with carcinoma of the uterus. Since a histologically positive finding of a scalene lymph node influences the treatment, biopsy of the scalene fat pad is recommended as part of the pre-operative investigation of patients with ovarian carcinoma.
HNO 1990 Oct
PMID:[Scalenus biopsy in diagnosis of ovarian and uterine cancers]. 228 31

Three cases of aesthesioneuroblastoma highlight the problems of treatment of these extremely rare tumours. These tumours of the olfactory epithelium arise in the nasal cavity and invade the paranasal sinuses, the orbit and the skull base. As symptoms occur late in the disease, most cases are advanced when diagnosed. Early cases can be treated by surgery, by irradiation or by a combination of, but the local control rate is about 60% regardless of the treatment. Chemotherapy should be used in addition to operation and irradiation, especially in advanced cases with nodal and distant metastases. An irradiation dose of 40-60 Gy is recommended. CT-aided treatment planning, sophisticated irradiation techniques, the use of high-energy photons and reliable immobilization measures are indispensable. A 5-year survival rate for all stages of 50% is reported. The recurrence rate in advanced stages is high, so that the benefits and risks of the different, combined treatment modalities must be evaluated carefully.
HNO 1990 Jan
PMID:[The value of radiotherapy in the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma]. 231 63

The SCC antigen, a tumour marker for squamous cell carcinoma, is already used for the diagnosis and follow-up of carcinoma of the cervix and the lungs. We determined the SCC antigen levels at the time of diagnosis and during therapy in 108 subjects with a squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. According to our results and those of other authors, the normal serum range of SCC lies between 0 and 2 ng/ml. Before therapy we found an increased titre in 38.9% of the subjects, being 6.2%, 30.8%, 47.2% and 76.2% for stages T1 to T4 respectively. Thus even some stage T3 and T4 tumours did not express the antigen. No correlation was found between the titre at the time of diagnosis and the grade of differentiation, the site of the tumour, the presence of lymph node or remote metastases, and the sex of the patient. After operation the titres returned to normal within 1 week, but after radiation or chemotherapy the titre decreased more slowly. In recurrent tumours we found a rising titre, which could be measured in several cases some weeks before the recurrence was visible. In the light of the costs and the yield of the method, we suggest determining the serum SCC antigen level once before therapy. If it is increased, subsequent estimates should be done during the succeeding years to allow early diagnosis of a recurrence of the tumour.
HNO 1989 Nov
PMID:[Relevance of the new tumor marker SCC (squamous cell carcinoma antigen) for the diagnosis and follow-up control of squamous epithelial carcinoma of the head and neck]. 258 67

Sixty patients with carcinoma of the piriform fossa were treated with surgery and postoperative irradiation, and 22 other patients with incurable disease were irradiated. All but 2 patients primarily irradiated died within a year. 87% of the 60 patients who were treated by primary surgery had histologically proven lymph node metastases. Twenty six of these patients suffered a local recurrence, regional metastases or distant metastases within 18 months. They were all dead within 2 years of diagnosis of the primary tumor. 75% of patients in this group had shown capsular rupture by metastases. Thirty two of the patients operated on are now free of disease, 23 of them for more than 18 months. Eighteen patients had regional metastases, of whom 6 had caused capsular rupture. The tumor specific 3 year survival was 47.1%. Primary radical surgery followed by radiation therapy is the most effective form of treatment for cancer of the piriform sinus, and should always be advised if possible instead of less mutilating but also less effective forms of treatment.
HNO 1989 Nov
PMID:[Treatment of carcinoma of the piriform sinus]. 258 68


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