Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the U.S. oral cancer accounts for 2.1% of all cancers and 1% of cancer deaths. Two to three times as many males as females are affected. Blacks have more intra-oral cancer than whites, and their incidence and mortality rates have increased in recent years. The etiologic process very likely involves several factors. The major etiologic agents are tobacco (all types) and alcoholic beverages. Herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, and Candida have been implicated. Host factors include poor state of dentition, nutritional aberrations, cirrhosis of liver, lichen planus, and immunologic impairmant. Cellular changes include amplification of some oncogenes, alterations in antigen expression, production of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and disturbance of keratin and involucrin production. Experimentally, cancer is readily produced on the hamster cheek pouch and rat oral mucosa. Unlike oral cancer in humans, most experimental lesions are exophytic, and they rarely metastasize.
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PMID:Oral cancer. 212 24

To investigate the prognostic factors in Western patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 206 patients with confirmed diagnoses of hepatocellular carcinoma were studied in terms of survival. All patients were diagnosed between 1983 and 1987. A multivariate survival analysis (Cox regression model) using clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographical and pathological data obtained at diagnosis disclosed that bilirubin (p = 0.0001), ascites (p = 0.0001), toxic syndrome (defined by the presence of weight loss greater than 10% premorbid weight, malaise and anorexia) (p = 0.009), blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.025), tumor size (p = 0.001), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (p = 0.0006), age (p = 0.0005), serum sodium (p = 0.003) and presence of metastases (p = 0.002) were independent predictors of survival. According to the contribution of each of these factors to the final model, a prognostic index was constructed allowing division of patients in different groups according to their relative risk of death: RRD = EXP (Age x 0.03 + Ascites x 0.8281 + BUN x 0.0137 + Serum sodium x (-0.0538) + gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase x 0.0019 + Bilirubin x 0.0734 + Tumor size x 0.33 + Toxic syndrome x 0.4965 + Metastases x 0.55). These results facilitate the stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma patients to design and evaluate future controlled trials.
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PMID:Prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in the west: a multivariate analysis in 206 patients. 217 Feb 67

The systemic administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) can lead to significant antitumor responses in some patients with metastatic cancer in whom standard therapy has failed. A limitation of this immunotherapy is the toxicity associated with IL-2 infusion. To assess toxicity, we determined aspartate aminotransferase (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2), lactate dehydrogenase (LD; EC 1.1.1.27), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1), creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2), total bilirubin (TBI), direct bilirubin (DBI), creatinine, urea nitrogen, and C-reactive protein in serum from 21 patients before and during five consecutive days of IL-2 treatment. Ten patients were followed for an additional five days after the end of IL-2 therapy. The IL-2 infusion caused liver toxicity and prerenal azotemia, as evidenced by significant increases (P less than 0.05) of all analytes except CK by day 1. There was a progressive increase in the results (except CK) for these tests until IL-2 treatment was stopped. Seven tests related to liver function (AST, ALT, GGT, LD, ALP, DBI, and TBI) showed increases, but the test results indicated significant improvement and moved toward the baseline value five days after the end of IL-2 therapy. Concentrations of creatinine and urea nitrogen in serum were normal three days after the cessation of IL-2 therapy.
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PMID:Changes in laboratory results for cancer patients treated with interleukin-2. 231 Dec 9

Urinary excretion of alpha-glucosidase (AGL), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and ribonuclease (RNase), and serum amylase and immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) were determined in 38 control subjects, 48 patients with pancreatic cancer, 77 with chronic pancreatitis and 47 with extrapancreatic diseases in order to ascertain the presence of a renal tubular damage and to investigate its etiology. A significantly increased frequency of pathological results for all urinary enzymes was documented in the various groups of patients as compared to controls. Significant correlations were detected among AGL, GGT and RNase. Considering the subjects as a whole, GGT and RNase excretions correlated with serum IRT and amylase; the two urinary enzymes were found to be higher when jaundice was present. In chronic pancreatic disease enzymuria was related to increased serum pancreatic enzymes; in extrapancreatic diseases it was associated to hyperbilirubinemia. The vast majority of patients with pancreatic cancer and elevated urinary enzymes presented hepatic metastases and/or jaundice. We can conclude that an anatomical and functional tubular impairment is detectable in some patients with chronic pancreatic and extrapancreatic diseases. Tubular damage seems to least in part to be related to pancreatic inflammation and necrosis in chronic pancreatic disease, while jaundice may be found to play an important role in diseases of the hepatobiliary tract. In pancreatic cancer, liver dysfunction (presence of liver metastases and/or extrahepatic cholestasis) also appears to be involved in altering tubular cells.
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PMID:Renal tubular dysfunction in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. 256 74

Alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AsT) assays, as well as ultrasonography are the easiest and least expensive examinations to perform in the diagnosis of hepatic metastases. The 273 patients included in this series had cancer of the digestive tract. The diagnosis of presence or absence of liver metastases was made at surgery and was positive in 38 patients (14 per cent). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn after computing the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of each laboratory determination while the threshold indicating that the value was normal was incremented. The examinations were then compared in terms of Se, Sp, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. The threshold was determined on the ROC curve where less false-positive and more true-positive results were shown. According to predictive values, laboratory determinations could be classified in decreasing order of usefulness as: AP, LDH, GGT and AsT. Ultrasonography had a positive predictive value of 68 per cent a negative predictive value of 95 per cent, both figures being higher than those of any laboratory examination. These results suggest that ultrasonography has a higher diagnostic value than any of the enzyme assays in the detection of hepatic metastases. Moreover, ultrasonography provides morphological information which, in case of liver resection, may be useful to the surgeon.
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PMID:[Detection of hepatic metastasis of digestive cancers. Value of enzyme assays and ultrasonography]. 257 89

In 1983 we initiated a prospective nonrandomized study of the value of preoperative chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with stages III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. In 1983 and 1984, 50 patients were entered in the study. Prior to therapy all patients were evaluated by a representative from the Medical Oncology, Radiation Therapy, and Head and Neck Surgery Divisions, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City. In addition to the standard preoperative evaluation, pretreatment computed tomographic scans were performed on all patients. Follow-up computed tomographic scans were performed after the second cycle of chemotherapy and at the completion of treatment. Initial therapy in all patients consisted of induction chemotherapy with cisplatin (day 1, 100 mg/m2) and fluorouracil (days 1 through 5, 1000 mg/m2). Several factors were examined for their utility in predicting response to therapy and survival. Factors evaluated included: (1) extent and timing of chemotherapeutic response; (2) computed tomographic quantitated primary tumor size; (3) size of computed tomographic quantitated regional (neck) metastases; (4) performance status; (5) cancer stage; (6) total lymphocyte count; and (7) serum liver function tests. The factor found to be most useful in predicting improved survival was the extent of response to chemotherapy. The remaining factors, performance status, regional lymph node status, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and cancer stage, were also found to correlate with length of survival but were much less important than the response to chemotherapy.
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PMID:Prognostic indicators in head and neck cancer patients receiving combined therapy. 257 81

Serum concentrations of lipids and apolipoprotein A-I, A-II and B were determined in patients with hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer, with primary liver cancer and with cirrhosis. In all three liver diseases, the HDL fraction and apolipoproteins A-I and A-II showed significantly low values, while apolipoprotein B was only increased in hepatic metastases. The decrease of apolipoprotein A-II levels was more prominent in cirrhosis, thereby enhancing the A-I/A-II ratio. This ratio is decreased in metastasis and normal in hepatomas. In patients with hepatic metastases a correlation was observed between alkaline phosphatase and apolipoprotein A-II (p less than 0.05), and between gamma-glutamyltransferase and the A-I/A-II ratio (p less than 0.05). The present work suggests that determination of apolipoproteins and lipids of the HDL fraction offers a new approach to the study of liver diseases.
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PMID:Serum apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and B in hepatic metastases. Comparison with other liver diseases: hepatomas and cirrhosis. 287 62

The activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma GT) (EC 2.3.2.2) was examined by histoenzymatic labelling on frozen sections derived from normal breast tissue, benign lesions and carcinomas. In biopsies from normal tissue and benign lesions, labelling was very intense in lumina and in the apical pole of the cells lining the lumina whilst in the cytoplasm it was slightly positive. In 34 out of 70 carcinomas, gamma GT activity was either undetectable or slightly positive while in the remaining 36 there was intense activity. Statistical examination of the results revealed no obvious correlation of gamma GT activity with histological grade of the tumour, progesterone receptor content or classification of patients by pre- or postmenopausal status. A good correlation between gamma GT activity and the following unfavourable prognostic signs: lymph node metastases and absence of oestradiol receptors. Patients with gamma GT-negative tumours may have a more favourable prognosis than those with gamma GT-positive tumours.
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PMID:gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase activity in human breast lesions: an unfavourable prognostic sign. 287 9

Enzymes of glutathione metabolism, particularly gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), play a role in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis. The enhanced expression of these enzymes in preneoplastic altered hepatic foci, nodules, and hepatocellular carcinomas has been demonstrated after treatment with a variety of initiating and promoting agents. Glutathione is necessary for the detoxification of xenobiotics and carcinogens and for cell replication. Induction of GGT in altered hepatocytes may permit these cells to utilize extracellular glutathione to preserve their internal glutathione levels. GST induction allows glutathione utilization for the protection of the altered hepatocyte in an environment of exposure to xenobiotics, such as promoting agents. Thus, the combined effects of GGT and GST, in a toxic environment, may provide for the enhanced proliferation observed in preneoplastic hepatocytes. New clinical and research opportunities may involve the use of GGT and the placental isozyme of GST (PGST) as markers of preneoplasia and neoplasia in humans. Many factors, such as hormones, diet, and exposure to initiating and promoting agents, influence GGT and GST expression. The recent cloning of cDNAs to GGT and PGST offers opportunities for the study of factors involved in the genetic expression of these two enzymes. Coupled with the use of hepatocyte culture and transplantation, the factors involved at the molecular level in the creation of hepatocellular neoplasia may be discovered.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 1987
PMID:Enzymes of glutathione metabolism as biochemical markers during hepatocarcinogenesis. 288 99

During the years 1975-1985, fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver was performed in 655 patients. The procedure entailed no complications. In 302 (46%) cases, the samples contained malignant cells; in 238 (36%), liver cells; in 46 (7%), cells suspected of malignancy; in 69 (11%) of cases, the samples were unsatisfactory. The medical records of 242 patients were reviewed. Based on the results of different examinations it was established that 149 patients had liver metastases and 62 did not. In 31 patients, evaluation could not be done owing to insufficient data. The cytological findings were compared with the results of liver scintiscan, Alcaline phosphatase, serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, and histological diagnoses. There were no false-positive cytological diagnoses. False-negative diagnoses were found in 14% of cases. Cytologically positive samples from known primaries were reviewed. It has been established that pallisade-like formations are characteristic for metastases of intestinal carcinoma; usually in these cases, necrotic material and inflammatory cells were found as well.
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PMID:Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of metastases in the liver. 289 55


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