Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A man of 38 years of age was found to have a type I endocrine polyadenomatosis in 1969. He was operated upon for removal of tumor of the islets of Langerhans with lymph gland metastases, and the head of the pancreas was removed. This was followed at a later date by ablation of two parathyroid adenomas. A clinically silent adenoma of the left adrenal was not removed and a silent and enclosed pituitary tumore was discovered. There were no clinical or hormonal signs of progression of the pancreatic tumor ten years later, but hypertension and behavioural disorders had developed. Catecholamine levels were normal. Selective blood aldosterone levels were just within significant values. A massive increase in prolactin secretion (more than 100 times the normal) was noted. This could be reduced by bromocriptine, and the possible role of prolactin in the behavioural disorders present is discussed.
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PMID:[Prolactin adenoma and Wermer's syndrome. A 10-year follow-up of a case with two parathyroid tumors, as adrenal adenoma, and a malignant pancreatic tumor (author's transl)]. 4 60

Since prolactin has several modes of action on prostatic growth and physiology, the effect of the antiprolactin bromocriptine on plasma kinetics and intraprostatic metabolism of testosterone was studied in patients with untreated prostatic cancer; a therapy protocol was deduced which was controlled in 27 patients with advanced inoperable prostatic adenocarcinoma. Bromocriptine resulted in a significant suppression of prolactin and testosterone as well and favored testosterone elimination from the plasma pool. Prostatic androgen uptake was enhanced and the intraprostatic metabolism altered in relation to tumor grade. Adjunctive administration of bromocriptine to 27 patients, mostly in the state of hormone resistance, resulted in an overall objective regression of 22.2% and in stable disease in 55.6% of the patients. In half of the individuals a prompt relief of bone pain from osseous metastases was observed as well as improvement of micturition and decline of phosphatase activity. This preliminary data justify further investigations under controlled and randomized conditions.
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PMID:[Bromocriptine for palliation of advanced prostatic carcinoma. Experimental and clinical profile of a drug (author's' transl)]. 8 47

Since metastasizing breast cancer is hormone-related, hormonal therapy is based on control of tumor growth by elimination of the hormonal influence, hormone ablatives, or administration of steroid hormones to change the hormonal milieu of thehost organism. The time span during which hormonal therapy may be effective is extremely limited; therefore, this is not recommended for patients with an interval of less than 2 years between primary treatment and 1st manifestation of metastasis, patients with visceral metastasis, or women less than 5 years in the postmenopause. According to cooperative European and American studies remission rates for different types of endocrine therapy include: ovariectomy, 25-40%; adrenalectomy, 30-40%; hypophysectomy, 30-40%; androgen, 20%; and estrogens, 20-35%. Studies are underway concerning the use of antiestrogens (Nafoxidine and Tamoxifen) andinhibition of prolactin secretion. Investigations have shown that patients with proven estrogen receptors in the tumor tissue are particularly responsive to hormonal therapy. For patients with no determinable estrogen receptors, however, chemotherapy is perferable. Ovariectomy is recommended as the 1st measure for women in the premenopause, hormone additives for women longer than 5 years in the postmenopause, and for women in the 1st years after menopause ovariectomy in combination with a form of polychemotherapy. For patients with short free intervals polychemotherapy with another endocrine measure, for pleuracarcinosis and liver metastosis high corticosteroid dosages, and for metastases in the central nervous system radiatio treatment with high corticosteroid dosages are recommended.
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PMID:[Hormone therapy of breast cancer]. 18 Mar 75

Pituitary tissues were obtained from 25 patients who underwent surgery for excision of pituitary macroadenomas, selective excision of microadenomas, or removal of a normal gland for palliation of metastatic cancer. Cells thus obtained were maintained in vitro for varying intervals, fixed, and examined by light (phase contrast), microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Previous SEM reports indicate that surface topography of in vitro neoplastic cells displays features that may correlate with neoplastic behavior. Cultured normal and pituitary tumor cells did not display these surface differences, with one exception, a prolactin-secreting microadenoma. Characteristic patterns for the cell populations were identified. Certain cell types appeared in all the cultures: 1) large and small granule-containing cells; 2) flat and irregular cells; 31 spindle-shaped cells; and 4) spherical, irregularly surfaced cells. In one case of an endocrine-inactive juvenile pituitary chromophobe adenoma, unique cells were observed. Surface topography did not appear to be of predictive value in determining the neoplastic character of pituitary tumors.
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PMID:Surface topography of normal and neoplastic human anterior pituitary cells maintained in vitro. 20 54

Receptors for progesterone were found in 27% of 98 human breast tumours, and for oestrogen in 57% of 191 tumours. With one exception, progesterone receptors were found only in tumours which also contained oestrogen receptors. Levels of oestrogen receptor in positive tumours rose significantly with patient age whereas progesterone receptors were unchanged. Progesterone receptor levels were lower in lymph node metastases than in primary tumours, and oestrogen receptor levels were lower in large tumours (greater than 5 cm diameter) compared to small lesions. Receptor levels were not significantly correlated with circulating concentrations of either oestrogen or prolactin. The implications of receptor measurements in assessing hormone responsiveness of breast tumours are discussed.
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PMID:Progesterone and oestrogen receptors in human breast cancer. 28 84

Eighty-eight patients with hormone-resistant Stage IV prostate cancer were treated with a five-drug chemotherapy program. Patient demographic data, prior therapy, symptoms, extent of disease, and laboratory studies were analyzed statistically to evaluate the association of these parameters with survival from the onset of chemotherapy. Factors associated with short survival included age greater than 65, severe bone pain, poor performance status, presence of soft tissue metastases, anemia, elevation of serum LDH, SGOT, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and prolactin, and hypoalbuminemia. Race, stage at initial diagnosis, prior radiation therapy, prior orchiectomy, and elevation of CEA had no prognostic association. We suggest that clinical trials of new therapies of hormone-resistant prostate cancer take into account the presence of these prognostic factors in the analysis of the results of therapeutic programs.
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PMID:Prognostic factors in metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate. 47 83

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was performed in 212 consecutive patients with metastatic breast cancer: 11 died within 30 days, two of surgical complications and nine of advanced metastatic disease. Two patients were unevaluable because of inadequate follow-up in one and simultaneous radiation treatment in the other. Of 199 evaluable patients 42% had an objective remission. Duration of remission averaged 18+ months with 10 out of 84 patients still in remission. Presence of estrogen receptors in the tumor significantly predicted response to hypophysectomy. Of 156 patients in whom completeness of hypophysectomy was assessed, 128 were thought to have a complete removal as shown by the fact that their growth hormone and prolactin were undetectable after stimulation with arginine or chlorpromazine, respectively. Of 26 patients in whom TRH test was performed, TSH and prolactin were undetectable in 20. Of 23 patients where autopsy was performed only six had microscopic pituitary tissue remaining. Hypophysectomy induced remission in eight of 15 patients who had previously responded and then relapsed to the antiestrogen Tamoxifen and in four of 17 who had failed. Conversely, antiestrogen therapy induced remission in six of 26 patients who had previously responded to hypophysectomy and in whom serum estrogens were present in small amount. These data indicate that both gonadal and pituitary hormones play a role in the growth of some human breast cancers.
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PMID:Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in breast cancer: evidence for an individual role of pituitary and gonadal hormones in supporting tumor growth. 50 1

Plasma concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone (GH) were measured in patients with histologically proven prostatic cancer, before any form of therapy was given for this disease. Patients were categorised according to UICC classification. No systemic change in the group means of any of these hormones was associated with the progression of the disease from the T0 to the T4 stage. When multivariate analysis was applied to the combined intraprostatic (T0 + T1 + T2) and extraprostatic (T3 + T4) tumour category in patients without clinically evident metastases (M0) a discrimination was observed, GH substantially contributing to the separation of the 2 groups. When plasma hormone data from patients classified as M0 (without metastases) were compared with M1 patients (with metastases), mean GH values were significantly larger (P less than 0.02) in patients with metastases. GH was also a major contributory factor to the discrimination between the M0 and M1 groups, using multivariate analysis. Testosterone group means for M0 versus M1 were also significantly different (P less than 0.02).
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PMID:Evaluation of plasma hormone concentrations in relation to clinical staging in patients with prostatic cancer. British Prostate Study Group. 53 96

The recent findings regarding the possible relation of prolactin to human breast cancer are reviewed. Prolactin is a single-chain polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; it appears important to the development and growth of mammary tumors in mice and rats. Certain drugs (L-dopa, the ergot derivatives) inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary and lower its serum concentration. Chlorpromazine and other phenothiazines block the synthesis, release, or action of prolactin-inhibiting factors leading to increased prolactin secretion. The midcycle serum estrogen elevation does not increase serum prolactin but often high doses of estrogen will. Mammary tumors in mice and rats appear different from those in human, being of alveolar origin while human tumors are thought to be ductal. Also, rodent cancers do not usually metastasize, even when large. About 40% of human breast cancers respond to endocrine therapy while in Sprague-Dawley rats induced mammary tumors are 80% hormone responsive. In mice hyperplastic nodules but not mammary cancers respond to horomone deprivation. Prolactin is a key hormone in the stimulation of hyperplastic nodules in mice and mammary tumors in rats. The effects of progesterone on these growths is not clear. Serum prolactin levels normally vary throughout the day. Levels are not different in cancer patients but certain families with high cancer rates have been shown to have higher than normal serum levels. Although prolactin receptors have been identified in mouse and rat mammary tissue and tumors and prolactin responsiveness of the tumors correlated with the number of such receptors, these receptors have not been identified in human breast cancer cells. Patients have responded to L-dopa with relief of bone pain and a 50% decrease in serum prolactin. Suppressing atypical precancerous lesions by depriving them of their hormonal support offers the best chance for preventing eventual development of breast cancer. In vitro determination of the presence of prolactin receptors in human breast tumor tissue may allow accurate prediction of response to endocrine ablation. Variations in prolactin receptors may account for response differences of breast tumors to different doses of estrogen. Near-zero prolactin levels following hypophysectomy in some patients have been correlated with clinical remissions. Combinations of drugs to reduce serum prolactin levels or antagonize the hormones's effect on the breast may be needed to obtain results.
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PMID:Prolactin and breast carcinoma. 108 86

MRMT-1 is a mammary carcinoma induced in immunologically impaired female Sprague-Dawley rats fed 3-methylcholanthrene. Its biological characteristics include transplantability to syngeneic normal rats and spontaneous metastases to various organs. Hypophysectomy performed 48 hr after tumor inoculation resulted in tumor regression accompanied by the disappearance of the metastasis in lungs of all the animals. The hypophysectomized animals were given replacement treatments, such as transplantation of pituitary homogenates, pituitary homograft underneath the renal capsule, or prolactin administration, and the inhibited tumor growth was markedly reactivated, with the reappearance of lung metastasis. These results indicate that MRMT-1 mammary carcinoma is prolactin dependent.
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PMID:Pituitary role in the growth of metastasizing MRMT-1 mammary carcinoma in rats. 124 97


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