Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biopsy specimens obtained from 150 women with primary, untreated endometrial carcinoma were investigated prospectively to determine the content of estrogen and progsterone receptors (E2 and PR). The investigation hoped to discover whether in vivo results of progesterone treatment of recurrent metastases correlated with in vitro occurrence of E2R and PR. At various intervals, 13 patients who had developed metastases despite routine surgical and radiation therapy were treated with gestagens (Depo-Provera or Proluton-Depot for 3-5 times weekly). 8 of the women, aged 61-71 years, proved E2R positive (greater than 10 fmol/mg of cytosolprotein), 2 had no PR, and the remaining 6 had PR concentrations from 7-892 fmol. 7 responded clinically to gestagen therapy (poorly differentiated tumors in 3 and moderately differetiated in 4). 5 of the cases (aged 50-84 years) were E2R negative; they had no PR, did not respond to gestagen therapy, and died after 2-8 months (2 poorly differentiated and 3 moderately). Therefore, hormone receptor tests in endometrial cancer do seem clinically predictive of outcome of gestagen treatment.
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PMID:Do estrogen and progesterone receptors (E2R and PR) in metastasizing endometrial cancers predict the response to gestagen therapy? 740 52

Breast tumors are thought to originate, grow, and metastasize in an environment which includes steroid hormone receptors, their cognate steroid ligands, and many gene products which are regulated by steroid hormone receptor-ligand complexes. In this paper we describe highly sensitive and quantitative immunofluorometric procedures for measuring three proteins that are candidate prognostic indicators in breast cancer, namely, the p53 tumor suppressor gene product, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and prostate specific antigen (PSA). These proteins were quantified in over 950 cytosolic tumor extracts along with estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR). Association analysis between all five biochemical parameters revealed strong negative associations between p53 and receptors and strong positive associations between CEA and receptors. Negative associations between p53 and CEA and between CEA and PSA were also found. These associations, not quantitatively studied in previous reports, are related to each other using a hypothetical model. The observed associations may further contribute to the understanding of the biology of breast tumors.
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PMID:Quantitative analysis of mutant p53 protein in breast tumor cytosols and study of its association with other biochemical prognostic indicators in breast cancer. 752 72

Animal models of human prostate cancer are very limited in number but are of obvious importance to develop. Dr. Morris Pollard (M. Pollard, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 51: 1235-1241, 1973) has reported that Lobund-Wistar rats develop spontaneous metastatic prostatic cancer when they become old (approximately 25% incidence after 25 months). A chemically induced form of the disease has also been described in Lobund-Wistar rats. However, recent reports suggest that most of the chemically induced adenocarcinomas are not prostatic in origin, with most arising in the seminal vesicle, and thereby raise questions about the origin of the spontaneous cancers. We herein report cancer spontaneously arising in the lateral lobes of the prostates in Lobund-Wistar rats. One of 8 rats killed at 16 months of age showed prostatic carcinoma in situ. Two of 39 rats killed at 20 months displayed early invasive adenocarcinomas with no signs of metastases. Because sectioning of the prostates in this study was limited to face sections from a single block for each rat, it is highly probable that the true incidence of dysplasias and carcinomas is underestimated by these data. Dysplastic or neoplastic changes were not seen in either the seminal vesicles or other portions of the prostatic complex. The nuclei of adenocarcinoma cells showed less labeling with antibody to the androgen hormone receptor than did normal cells. These data strongly support the validity of the Pollard model of spontaneous prostate cancer in Lobund-Wistar rats.
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PMID:Prostatic localization of spontaneous early invasive carcinoma in Lobund-Wistar rats. 752 50

In this series, 65 patients with metastatic inflammatory breast carcinoma were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by local regional treatment followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. All of these selected patients developed further metastatic disease and were treated at that time with tamoxifen alone. Measurements of hormone receptor levels were available for 46 patients. Four tumors were positive estrogen receptors and eight tumors were positive progesterone receptors. The objective response rate for tamoxifen therapy was 5% (3/65). No major side effects were observed. When the metastasis-free interval was over 19 months, the overall survival and after metastases survival rates were significantly increased. Our conclusion is that tamoxifen should not play any role in the palliative treatment of metastases in inflammatory breast carcinoma.
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PMID:Tamoxifen for the treatment of metastatic inflammatory breast carcinoma. 753 91

Hormonotherapy, the oldest known effective medical treatment for breast cancer, is still widely used today. The effectiveness of numerous hormone (anti-oestrogen) treatments for breast cancer, with tumour regression reaching about 30% of the advanced forms or more in hormono-dependent forms identified by tumour hormone receptor assays has been demonstrated. Castration by surgery, radiotherapy or anti-LHRH agents is still proposed as one of the possible suppressive treatments. The other type of hormone management currently used is the anti-oestrogen agent tamoxifen which is general well tolerated. High doses of synthetic progesterones or anti-aromatase agents such as aminoglutethimide are also prescribed. These treatments require a less well tolerated association with hydrocortisone or corticosteroid treatments. Indications for hormonotherapy have become quite precise. As an adjuvant, castration before menopause and tamoxifen after menopause have been shown to be important methods in a meta-analysis published in 1992. The role of each of these treatments as part of an overall chemotherapy management is yet to be determined. In cases with metastases, hormonotherapy, whatever the modality used, is still particularly useful in elderly women with positive hormone receptor assays.
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PMID:[Hormone therapy in breast cancer]. 776 20

A total of 409 postmenopausal patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer were randomized to receive either formestane (Lentaron) 250 mg every 2 weeks by intramuscular injection, or tamoxifen 30 mg/day orally. Treatment continued until tumor progression. The groups were well matched for pretreatment characteristics including age, performance status, hormone receptor status (patients with known negative receptor status of their primary tumor were excluded), site and extent of metastases, disease-free interval, and previous primary and adjuvant therapy. Patients were assessed for antitumor efficacy at 3-monthly intervals using UICC criteria. Of the 348 patients evaluable for response, 33% had an objective response to formestane (14 complete and 43 partial responses), while 37% had an objective response to tamoxifen (10 complete and 54 partial responses). Median duration of response was 15 months for formestane and 20 months for tamoxifen; survival was 35 and 38 months respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatments for all these variables, but time to disease progression and time to treatment failure significantly favoured tamoxifen. Systemic tolerability was excellent for both treatments. Local side effects due to intramuscular injection of formestane were mild and transient. In this comparative trial of first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer, formestane gave results comparable to tamoxifen for both efficacy and tolerability. We conclude that formestane is an effective and well tolerated addition to the therapeutic options available for the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer.
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PMID:Comparison of the selective aromatase inhibitor formestane with tamoxifen as first-line hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. 787 57

In a group of 161 patients with operable cancer of the breast, tumour size, axillary node status and histopathological grading were correlated. Furthermore, steroid hormone receptor status was assessed both biochemically and immunohistochemically. The rate of Ki67-positive cells, the ploidy status and the S-phase fraction of the carcinoma, as assessed by means of flow-cytometry, were measured and correlated with tumour size and conventional histopathological grading. As expected, a significant correlation between tumour size and the frequency of axillary lymph node metastases was found (p < 0.00001). There was however, also a significant increase of undifferentiated cancers with increasing tumour size (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between steroid hormone receptor expression and grading but a slight decrease of immunohistochemically oestrogen receptor positive cancers with increasing tumour size (p < 0.02). On the other hand, there was a marked increase of both Ki67-score (p < 0.003) and S-phase fraction (p < 0.001) with increasing tumour size. Neither of the first two parameters correlated significantly with grading. The frequency of aneuploid tumours was dependent on tumour size (p < 0.05) as well as grading (p < 0.01). The findings point towards a change of biological properties of the cancer during the course of growth, such as histopathological dedifferentiation and increased proliferation fraction and frequency of aneuploid tumours. The expression of steroid hormone receptors however is virtually unchanged.
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PMID:Breast cancer and prognostic factors. Tumour size, degree of differentiation, proliferation kinetics and expression of steroid hormone receptors. 787 57

A retrospective review of male patients suffering from breast cancer seen over an 18-year period was carried out at the Department of Clinical Oncology of the University Hospital of Graz. Thirty evaluable cases were analysed. Eight patients had Stage I, 11 had Stage II, 8 had Stage III, and 3 had Stage IV disease. Local control was achieved in the majority, 29/30 (97%), by either surgery alone or combined surgery and radiation therapy. Local recurrence developed in 2 (7%) patients. Further 7 (23%) patients developed distant metastases and were treated in accordance with policies developed for the appropriate stage of the disease in females, with hormonal manipulation for hormone receptor-positive and -unknown patients and chemotherapy for hormone receptor-negative patients. The corrected five-year survival (Kaplan-Meier) is 83% for the entire group, 100% for patients with Stage I disease, 86% in Stage II, and 67% in Stage III and IV disease, respectively. This corresponds well with the results in recently published series. Stage of disease at initial presentation was a significant factor determining survival in our investigation. Our own data as well as recent data from literature suggest that with respect to TNM Stages in mammary carcinoma, there is no prognostic difference between men and women. To what extent improved local control by adequate local therapy or systemic adjuvant treatment modalities may improve overall survival remains to be discussed.
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PMID:[Breast cancer in the man: a report of 30 patients]. 799 95

The first adjuvant breast cancer trial in the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) was initiated in 1974. The trial eventually demonstrated that combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone was superior to single-agent chemotherapy with melphalan in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients. Subsequently, SWOG has performed a series of adjuvant chemotherapy trials either alone or in collaboration with other cooperative groups. Over the past 5 years, SWOG has accrued more than 8000 patients to different clinical trials in primary and advanced breast cancer as well as to a series of ancillary biologic studies primarily evaluating new prognostic factors, such as hormone receptor status and flow cytometry. Current questions being addressed by SWOG breast cancer adjuvant trials include the value of doxorubicin in lymph node-negative patients, of chemoendocrine therapy in lymph node-positive premenopausal and post-menopausal patients, and of high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in high risk lymph node-positive patients. Trials in patients with metastatic disease are evaluating medical castration with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist Zoladex (Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE), high dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation, and newer agents such as paclitaxel (Taxol, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Walingford, CT). Future adjuvant trials will compare optimal sequential use of single-agent chemotherapy versus more traditional combination chemotherapy and address questions of dose intensity and the value of the addition of Taxol in the adjuvant setting. A trial using the synthetic retinoid 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide is also in the planning stage.
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PMID:Current trials and future directions of the Southwest Oncology Group Breast Cancer Committee. 803 49

Seventy-three patients with metastatic breast cancer, whose disease progressed on hormonal therapy with tamoxifen or aminoglutethimide, were treated with megestrol acetate, 160 mg/day. No complete responses were observed. Partial response was achieved in 3 patients (4%), for a median of 9 months (range 5-13). Thirty-five patients (48%) remained stable, for a median of 8 months (3-26). The remaining 35 patients (48%) had clear progression of their metastatic disease on therapy. Response to megestrol acetate was achieved in patients with metastases in bone and pleura only. There was no correlation between response to megestrol acetate and response to prior chemotherapy, prior tamoxifen therapy, previous treatment with aminoglutethimide, or hormone receptor status. The actuarial 24-month survival for all patients was 37%. The main side effects of megestrol acetate included weight gain (20% or over), pruritus, elevation of blood pressure, weakness, and vaginal bleeding; they were only occasionally observed. The objective improvement observed during this trial is disappointing; the only reasons to justify the use of megestrol acetate as second- or third-line hormonal therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer, would be the relatively long duration of disease stabilization in a large proportion of patients, and the low toxicity observed with the drug.
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PMID:Megestrol acetate in advanced breast carcinoma after failure to tamoxifen and/or aminoglutethimide. 819 8


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