Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There are indications that the status of hormone receptors in breast cancer tissue is related to the success of chemotherapy to treat breast cancer. Remissions are recorded in 60% of the cases of endocrine treatment of patients with positive evidence of cytoplasmic hormone receptors. It must be kept in mind, however, that any given cancer tissue sample is not representative for all metastases locations. Depending on the hormone receptor content of each section, different parts of the tumor could react differently to hormone treatment, and even sections with the same receptor content can react differently to treatment. The criteria for the determination of a remission are too strict. The carbon absorption method or the more common agargel electrophoresis can be used to determine the level of receptor content in a tissue sample.
 ...
PMID:[Hormone receptors and breast carcinoma]. 22 Nov 63

Additive hormonal therapy remains the treatment of choice for disseminated breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Patients with hormone-dependent tumors receive excellent and long-lasting palliation from alterations in the hormonal milieu. Now that hormone receptor assays are clinically available, responses can be accuratedly predicted in a large percentage of cases. Tables 11--6 is a summary of additive hormonal therapy in postmenopausal patients. Endocrine ablative therapy remains of primary importance in premenopausal women because of the superior results, but androgens or antiestrogens may be helpful when patients are not surgical candidates. Castration continues to be the initial approach, with adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy reserved for promising candidates. In postmenopausal women the initial choice is estrogens. The exceptions are those patients with metastases limited to bone, when androgens excel because of an equivalent objective response and superior subjective and metabolic effects. Patients who respond to estrogens and then progress are observed for a rebound regression following the discontinuation of estrogen therapy. Whereas some who do not respond to androgens will respond to estrogens, the converse does not appear to be true (Kennedy, 1974). Currently progestins are the secondary hormonal agent of choice in postmenopausal women, but they may be displaced by antiestrogens as more data become available. In general, if a patient's tumor lacks estrogen receptors or the patient fails to respond to an adequate trial of endocrine or hormonal therapy, one should proceed directly to cytotoxic chemotherapy. A suggested plan for the integration of endocrine with hormonal therapy and both with other forms of palliation is diagrammed at the end of Chapter 12.
 ...
PMID:Cancer of the breast. Endocrine and hormonal therapy. 37 52

Tumor regression is sometimes observed during glucocorticoid treatment of patients with breast cancer. The possibility of a direct tumor-growth-suppressing effect, mediated by steroid-hormone receptors, cannot be excluded. A 3H-dexamethasone-binding component in the cytoplasmatic fraction of human breast cancers was studied by agar-gel electrophoresis. Of 90 samples, 51% contained a significant amount of an apparent glucocorticoid receptor. In two specimens from metastases, in which a preexisting lymph node structure was almost completely replaced by tumor tissue, the glucocorticoid receptor character of the binding component was studied extensively. The component satisfied the steroid-hormone receptor criteria in being a high affinity (Kd approximately 4--9 X 10(9) M), low capacity binder. Competition studies with excess unlabelled steroids of different classes confirmed the specific glucocorticoid receptor character of the component. Both tumors contained also estrogen and androgen receptors and one contained an apparent progestin receptor.
 ...
PMID:Demonstration of glucocorticoid receptors in human mammary carcinomas. 90 52

Suspensions of fresh tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were prepared from 30 human breast ductal adenocarcinomas. To evaluate the phenotypic pattern of the isolated TIL, lymphocyte surface markers including CD19, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16 and HLA-DR were examined by flow cytometry. Lymphocyte recovery ranged from 1.1% to 44%, independent of tumor size. TIL most often scored high for CD3+ with a varying number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Three samples out of 30 expressed up to 44% of CD19+ B cells, while CD3-CD16+ NK cells were rare. CD4 and CD8 expression was significantly different between the lymph node metastases group and the lymph node negative group (p < 0.01). 67% of the TIL with a CD4/CD8 ratio greater than 1 showed lymph node metastases. Furthermore, the CD4 expression of TIL and CD4/CD8 ratio correlated with tumor size (p < 0.01), but not with tumor differentiation and hormone receptor expression. Although there was considerable diversity of TIL among breast tumors, our data suggest that a high expression of CD4+ T cells may imply progression of the tumor, and an increased CD4/CD8 ratio of the TIL isolated from human breast adenocarcinoma may indicate development of metastases.
 ...
PMID:Phenotypic analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human breast cancer. 133 79

The etiology of human breast cancer is poorly understood and no specific marker of transformation has been identified. Amplification of HER-2/neu, as reported in a comprehensive study by Slamon et al, was found to be the most powerful predictor of disease-free and overall survival after the status of the axillary lymph nodes. Our study examines the HER-2/neu oncogene in 61 primary human breast cancers at both the DNA level (by Southern blotting) and the protein level (by immunohistochemical methods). Of the 61 tumors analyzed in our study, 17 (28%) had amplification of HER-2/neu. There was no significant correlation of HER-2/neu amplification with age, tumor diameter or hormone receptor status; however, amplification and overexpression of HER-2/neu was significantly correlated with the status of the axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.02). Of 16 patients with amplification of HER-2/neu, 14 (88%) had positive regional nodes. One of the two node negative cases with amplified HER-2/neu had bone marrow micrometastasis. Overall, 16 out of 17 (94%) tumors of the patients having amplified HER-2/neu had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. In summary, HER-2/neu amplification is associated with early tumor dissemination in primary human breast cancer and may be a marker of poor prognosis.
 ...
PMID:HER-2/neu amplification and overexpression in primary human breast cancer is associated with early metastasis. 134 94

In 1983, The German Breast Cancer Study Group, sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, started a prospective multicenter trial on the treatment of early breast cancer pT1 pN0 M0. Treatment consisted of initial tumorectomy with microscopically free margins and lower axillary dissection. After conformation of a pT1 pN0-stage, additional treatment was either mastectomy or adjuvant radiotherapy (50 Gy in 25 fractions to the entire breast plus 12 Gy electron boost). In medially located tumors, the parasternal and supraclavicular area was also irradiated with 50 Gy. A randomization between both treatment modalities was initially planned but was not feasible and abandoned. Nearly all patients were treated according to their own choice. From November 1983 through December 1989, 1119 patients were recruited. Eighty-three were excluded from the protocol. Out of the remaining 1036 patients, 733 (71%) underwent breast preservation and 303 (29%) mastectomy. A detailed pathohistological examination of all tumorectomy specimens was performed in a pathologic reference center. Oncogen overexpression was evaluated by immunohistological detection of the transmembrane protein p-185 (corresponding to c-erb-B2) in 425 cases. After a median follow-up of 48 months, the frequency of local recurrences (4.7%), regional recurrences (1%), and distant metastases (5.4%) was the same in the breast preservation group and the mastectomy group. The 3-year disease-free survival was 90% after breast preservation and 88% after mastectomy (p = 0.21). In the breast preserving group, 24 patients with microscopically involved margins had a poorer disease-free survival than the study group (75% vs 90% after 3 years). The width of the margins had no impact on prognosis. Other prognostic factors in an univariate and multivariate analysis were tumor size and tumor grade. Age, menopausal status, hormone receptor status, histological tumor type, and treatment (mastectomy vs breast preservation) were not significant. P-185-expression was dependent on tumor grade and was the strongest prognostic factor in an univariate and multivariate analysis (p less than 0.001). The results emphasize the central role of tumor grade for prognosis and suggest the independent prognostic significance of the c-erb-B2 oncogen (corresponding to p-185) in pN0-patients.
 ...
PMID:Therapy of small breast cancer: a prospective study on 1036 patients with special emphasis on prognostic factors. 147 9

Male breast cancer is difficult to study because it occurs infrequently, accounting for 1% of all breast carcinoma. Breast cancer occurs 10 years later in men than in women, and its presentation parallels that in women. The authors retrospectively review 13 cases of male breast cancer occurring over a 20-year period in four community hospitals. Treatment methods paralleled those used for female cancer patients. Surgery, primarily radical mastectomy, was performed in all patients. In the eight patients in whom hormone receptor assays were obtained, all tests were positive for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or both. Metastases were diagnosed in five patients during follow-up. The longest disease-free survival has been 10 years. Similarities and differences regarding male and female breast cancer are discussed as are the diagnosis and management of men with this disease.
 ...
PMID:Male breast carcinoma: clinical experience in a suburban community. 142 59

A pilot study was undertaken to compare mitomycin C plus oral high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MMPA) to cyclophosphamide+doxorubicin+ fluorouracil (CAF). Thirty-four women were randomized at first relapse to receive MMPA or CAF. Patients were balanced with respect to age, performance status, hormone receptor status, prior adjuvant treatment, site of metastases, and number of metastatic sites. On MMPA 9/18 objective responses occurred and on CAF 12/18. Median time to treatment failure was 5.7 months on MMPA and 7.6 months on CAF; median survival on MMPA was 22.5 months and on CAF 16.7 months. Although there were more objective responses on CAF, this was not statistically significantly different, and CAF was associated with significantly more hemopoietic toxicity. It is concluded that mitomycin C should be further studied in front-line regimens for patients with metastatic breast cancer.
 ...
PMID:Mitomycin C + high-dose medroxyprogesterone versus cyclophosphamide+doxorubicin plus fluorouracil as first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer. 146 78

In 1983, the German Breast Cancer Study Group (GBSG), sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, started a prospective multicenter trial on the treatment of early breast cancer (pT1 pN0 M0). This was preceded by a three-year reviewing period because of some novelties of medical, juristical and ethical problems in the FRG. University and, in the majority, community hospitals participated, combining all together 69 different institutions. From 11/1983 to 12/1989, 1112 patients were recruited. From 1036 patients, 733 underwent breast preservation (71%) and 303 mastectomy (29%). The randomization rate was only 6%. In 268 patients (26%) the tumor size was less than or equal to 10 mm, in 765 patients (74%) 11 to 22 mm. In 129 cases, we subdivided the tumor grading II[3] into IIa and IIb. Moreover, the immunohistochemical detection of the transmembrane proteins EGFR, p-185 and p-148 by oncogene overexpression and c-myc oncogene were undertaken in 425 breast cancers. After tumorectomy (or wide excision) and a lower axillary dissection (at least eight lymph nodes) the breast was irradiated up to 50 Gy in 25 fractions. A boost of 12 Gy was given to the tumor bed. The medial located lymph nodes were also irradiated in case of medially or centrally tumors. Quality control was performed by pathological, radiotherapeutic and methodical reference centers. Significant correlations could be demonstrated between receptor status and tumor grading, patient age and grading, and tumor size and grading. The results emphasize the central role of tumor grading among the prognostic factors. Especially the differentiation of the Bloom and Richardson score II into IIa and IIb seems to play an important role. After a median follow-up of 41 months, the frequency of local recurrences (4.4%), regional recurrences (1%) and distant metastases (4.6%) was exactly the same in both treatment groups. In multivariate analysis, only tumor size and tumor grading had a significant impact on disease-free survival. 23 patients with tumor-involved margins had a higher recurrence rate (DFS 62% versus 85% after five years). Without any impact on DFS were the other conventionally evaluated prognostic factors: age, menopausal status, hormone receptor status, histological tumor type, tumor localisation, degree of differentiation, pleomorphism, mitotic index and degree of dissociation. Among the transmembrane proteins EGFR, p-185, p-148 and c-myc, only the impact of p-185 and EGRF positivity on DSF is significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Breast preservation versus mastectomy in early breast cancer--1991 update of the GBSG 1--protocol and prognostic factors. The German Breast Cancer Study Group. 157 68

The concentration of total cathepsin D, which is regarded as an additional prognostic factor, was measured in 87 patients with primary breast cancer by a radioimmunoassay in tumour cytosol. The distribution of values was approximately log normal with a median value of 49 pmol/mg protein. Relating the level of cathepsin D to other prognostic factors, no significant association to the patients' age, menopausal status, tumour size, axillary lymph node involvement, distant metastases, type of tumour, histological grading or hormone receptor status could be established. Therefore, cathepsin D seems to be independent from other established prognostic criteria, which is a prerequisite for this protease to be useful as an additional prognostic marker.
 ...
PMID:[Cathepsin D in primary breast cancer in correlation with various prognostic factors]. 165 Mar 23


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>