Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lymphatic metastasis is an important mechanism in the spread of human cancer. During its course, tumor cells first penetrate the basement of membrane of the epithelium, in which they arise, and then the underlying connective tissue, carried partly by hydrostatic pressure. They enter the lymphatic partly by active movement, pass up the lymphatic trunk; they then settle and proliferate in the subcapsular sinus, penetrate its endothelium and proliferate and destroy the node. There are varied forms of immune response in the node and in human nodes often a complex fibrous and vascular response. The degree of lymphocytic response may be important for prognosis. The nodal reaction may be stimulated by release of antigens from the tumor. One of the most studied animal models of lymphatic metastasis is that which occurs in the politeal node after injection of tumor into the footpad. This model has been used to show that tumor cells enter lymphatics through gaps in endothelium, probably between endothelial cells, and that lymph nodes can destroy small numbers of tumor cells. Local immunotherapy and chemotherapy can sterilize a lymph node of tumor cells; the modes of treatment used have included intralymphatic injection and encapsulation of chemotherapeutic agents in liposomes. Prior radiotherapy may accelerate metastasis possibly by making tumor cells shed into lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are rather poor barriers to tumor cells. The prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis varies within tumor type; if hematogenous metastasis is early, then the presence of lymph node metastasis is of lesser prognostic significance. Lymph nodes can probably destroy only small numbers of tumor cells. Tumor cell heterogeneity is of importance in many aspects of metastasis; while clonal variation may be of importance in determining lymph node metastasis, it is not yet clear how important this is, nor whether specific clones metastasize specifically to lymph nodes. Lymphography is well established in diagnosis of lymphatic metastasis. A recent interesting development has been to inject antibodies labeled with a radioactive label, and image the label in lymph nodes with a gamma-camera. If anti-tumor antibodies are used in this way it may be possible to detect lymph node metastasis. Within the expanding field of tumor metastasis, lymphatic metastasis needs much more attention, particularly in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of the lymphatic spread of human cancer.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 1983
PMID:Lymphatic metastasis. 636 69

Regional lymph node filter function has traditionally been assumed to be critical in the prevention of the systemic spread of malignant cells shed from the primary cancer. However, in a multitude of clinical studies involving a variety of cancers, prophylactic removal of such regional lymph nodes, with or without metastases, does not improve cure rates compared with the observation of these lymph nodes. Furthermore, laboratory studies indicate that lymph node filter function may not be either complete or effective, and that many lymphatic and lymphaticovenous shunts exists that bypass regional lymph nodes and allow both lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination of malignant cells. These facts emphasize that regional lymph node metastases are indicators, but not governors, of survival in cancer. The timing of the clinical appearance of regional lymph node metastases and their number are, with few exceptions, excellent indicators of the biologic behavior of the primary cancer and the cells that are shed from it. This shedding of cells into the vascular and lymphatic vessels undoubtedly occurs simultaneously in the vast majority of cancers, but the later progressive growth of cells and micrometastases distributed hematogenously to vital organs is the ultimate governor of survival.
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PMID:Lymph node metastases. Indicators, but not governors of survival. 638 72

The morphological characteristics of two rat tumor cell lines were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. While the ASML-cells (Ascites, Solid, Metastases, Lung) when spread via the lymphatic vessels form metastases in the lung, the AS-cells (Ascites, Solid) do not form secondary tumors. The ASML-cells do not attach on glass or plastic but grow in suspension; AS-cells, can be cultivated as monolayers. The ASML-cells form loosely packed clusters when they are shaken in a gyratory shaker, AS-cells produce well organized aggregates in which the intercellular contacts are very intensive. When a mixture of cells from both lines is aggregated the two types sort out and the line-specific aggregate or cluster is formed without interaction between the two types. ASML-cells remain spherical when confronted with pieces of the aortic wall and there are no signs of reaction with the underlying endothelial cells. The endothelium is drastically altered when AS-cells are seeded on top of the aortic wall: the tumor cells flatten, penetrate the endothelial layer and induce the endothelial cells to retract. These phenomena can also be seen in confrontations with the mesothelium of the diaphragm. As also cells from aggregates or clusters behave as the single cells we conclude that the newly formed heterotypic contacts are favored over homotypic ones. In addition they have proved to be more intensive.
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PMID:Morphological and behavioral characteristics of two rat tumor cell lines with different metastatic capacities. 648 97

After subcutaneous injection, monoclonal antibodies directed against a tumor can enter local lymphatic vessels, pass to the draining lymph nodes, and bind to metastases there. Lymphatic delivery of antibody to early metastases is more efficient than intravenous administration, and the lymphatic route can be used to image smaller metastatic deposits. Perhaps more important, the lymphatic route minimizes binding of antibodies to circulating tumor antigens and to cross-reactive antigens present on normal tissues. Antibodies inappropriate for intravenous use because of binding to normal tissues may therefore be useful against lymph node metastases when injected subcutaneously or directly into lymphatic vessels.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies in the lymphatics: selective delivery to lymph node metastases of a solid tumor. 662 82

Pieces of the endothelium of the aorta of BDX rats were confronted with two syngeneic-tumor-cell variants. While the AS variant is non-metastasizing, the ASML cells metastasize spontaneously via the lymphatic vessels. By means of scanning-electron microscopy the adhesion phenomena and the various stages of invasive activity of the non-metastasizing variant (AS) as well as the retraction of the endothelial cells depending on the time of confrontation were studied. Though the metastasizing variant (ASML) adhered firmly to the endothelium, we found neither signs of invasive activity of these tumor cells nor retraction phenomena of the endothelial cells. Aggregates of AS- and clusters of ASML-cells, respectively, behaved in exactly the same way as single cells: while the ASML-clusters remained inactive, the AS-aggregates exhibited invasive activities. Those cells which were in intimate contact with the endothelium started to leave the aggregate, thereby forming a foot-like layer beneath the rest of the aggregate; these cells began to invade.
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PMID:Invasive activities of metastasizing and nonmetastasizing tumor cell variants in vitro. 671 79

Report of 12 patients with metastasizing malignant melanoma and unknown primary tumor. Age of patients, therapy and prognosis are alike in patients with known primary tumors. In five patients the medical history or clinical data pointed to regression of the primary malignant melanoma of skin. Metastasis of internal malignant melanomas or the "de novo" origin of malignant melanomas in lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes are discussed.
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PMID:[Malignant melanoma with unknown primary tumor. Case reports of 12 patients with overview]. 702 76

Two hundred seventy-five patients with breast cancer and no axillary metastases had mastectomies and axillary node dissection performed during the period between 1970 and 1979 at The Fox Chase Cancer Center. They had a mean age of 60 years (range, 21-91) and 38 (14%) patients have had recurrence to date. Poor histologic differentiation and skin involvement were related to a high risk of recurrence. Those patients with skin infiltration by tumor or a poorly differentiated tumor had a 53 +/- 9% expected five-year tumor-free survival, whereas patients without these had a 90 +/- 2% expected five-year tumor-free survival. Tumor involvement of the lymphatic vessels within the breast and estrogen receptor protein positivity or negativity were not helpful for identifying a subpopulation at increased risk of recurrence. Large tumor size was not a poor prognostic indicator for a patient subpopulation. These factors should be considered as indicators for inclusion in clinical trials and adjuvant therapy and used as stratification points for the analysis of the data developed in these trials.
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PMID:Breast cancer without axillary metastases. Are there high-risk biologic subpopulations? 711 7

BCG-CWS was administrated into lymphatic vessels in the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma metastasized to the lymph node of the posterior peritoneum. Side effects consisted of fever, lymphangitis, a decrease in urinary output and a slight rise in serum GOT, there being no serious side effects. Clinically, tumor mass in the abdomen cleared but metastases to the other organs increased, and the patient died of general dispersion of the disease. At autopsy, the abdominal mass became flat, with the cut surface of yellowish brown color. Histologically, this mass formed necrosis made up of destroyed tumor cells and histiocytes. BCG-CWS mediated histiocyte response appeared to destroy tumor cells. Thus, it is possible that local administration BCG-CWS could elicit a potent response even in advanced carcinoma. Since the contact of BCG-CWS with tumor cells produced this response, administration of BCG-CWS into the lymphatic vessels may be indicated where the lymph current to the metastasized lymph node is not obstructed. This treatment would be effective particularly in the case of micrometastasis, and there is a possibility that it could elicit a specific response.
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PMID:[Intralymphatic administration of BCG-CWS in advanced malignant melanoma]. 718 64

A method for ligature of the lymphatic vessels in the supraclavicular fossa is described. From 1971-1978, 82 of our 265 patients with malignant tumors were treated by this method in conjunction with irradiation and surgery. In 93% of these patients so treated, no secondary lymph node metastases could be found, although local recurrences from the primary tumors could not be prevented.
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PMID:[Supraclavicular ligature of lymphatic vessels for improved results of irradiation therapy in patients with metastatic cervical malignancy (author's transl)]. 745 Dec 56

A new cell line producing alpha-fetoprotein, designated NMT-1, was established from rat yolk sac tumor with the potential for lymphatic metastasis in inbred Wistar rats. In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of NMT-1 cells. The cell line grew in a monolayer and had a polygonal epithelioid appearance in phase-contrast microscopy. The doubling time of NMT-1 cells during exponential growth was approximately 16 h in RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal calf serum. The D0 value for radiation sensitivity was 97 +/- 3 cGy. The extrapolation number, n, for NMT-1 was 1.08 +/- 0.15. In the log phase, the G0/G1, S and G2/M fractions were 23.2%, 62.1% and 14.3%, respectively. Tumor take was observed in all of the rats inoculated with NMT-1 cells. In the case of flank tumor, the mean survival time was 104 days after inoculation with 10(6) tumor cells. Inguinal, axillary, paraaortic, mesenteric and mediastinal lymphnode metastases were observed in all rats inoculated with NMT-1 cells. Rats which survived for a long time developed metastases in a lymphatic vessels of the liver, lung and/or kidney microscopically. The biological behavior and the histopathological features of the tumor induced by inoculation with NMT-1 cells were the same as those of the original tumor induced by fetectomy.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of a rat yolk sac tumor cell line, NMT-1, producing alpha-fetoprotein, with potential for lymphatic metastasis. 750 75


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