Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diminished blood selenium levels have been associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers in man, while dietary selenium supplementation reduces the incidence of experimental colon cancer in rats. However, no previously published data are available concerning selenium and the evolution of colon cancer from benign neoplastic colonic polyps through localized and metastatic cancer. To assess any influence of selenium on this polyp to cancer sequence, we measured plasma and erythrocyte selenium levels in colonoscopically and histologically evaluated patients with adenomatous polyps (group I), locally resectable colon cancer (group II), metastatic colon cancer (group III), and selected colonoscopy negative controls (group IV). We found no difference in selenium levels between groups IV versus groups I or II. Likewise, within group I, no difference in selenium was present for different polyp histologies or numbers of polyps. However, selenium levels did drop progressively (p = 0.028, ANOVA) from polyp (group I) to local cancer (group II, p = NS vs group I) to metastatic cancer (group III, p less than 0.05 vs group I or group II). Parallel changes were seen in both plasma and erythrocyte levels, suggesting that these selenium abnormalities are of long duration, reflecting tissue stores, and therefore capable of influencing cancer risk. We conclude that selenium stores may not be an important factor in the de novo formation of benign neoplastic colonic polyps. Although these data suggest that selenium does not affect the polyp-cancer sequence, it is possible that a subset of patients with polyps and the lowest selenium levels are at higher risk for malignant transformation. However, these human data do not support a significant role for selenium in colon carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Selenium status and the polyp-cancer sequence: a colonoscopically controlled study. 338 7

39 untreated patients with local cancer of the bladder without distal metastases were included in the trial to assess efficacy of combined drug plus radiation treatment, its toxicity and chances to preserve the bladder. The examination comprised tumor biopsy, ultrasonography, computed tomography, excretory urography and routine laboratory tests. The patients received one or two courses of intraarterial chemotherapy, radiation (50 Gy) and two doses of cysplatinum in a dose 70 mg/m2 before and after radiation. A complete response was achieved in 66.6%, partial in 12.8%, stabilization in 10.3% and progression in 10.3% of patients. One-year survival was reported in 89.7%, recurrence-free survival with functioning bladder being 66.7%. Side effects were mild and did not demand the treatment discontinuation.
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PMID:[The combined treatment of locally disseminated bladder cancer]. 865 33

Localization of t-PA, u-PA, PAI-1, PI and TGF-beta within tumors was examined immunohistologically in 31 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck, and correlations between the localization of these factors and local cancer infiltration, tumor size or cervical lymph node metastasis were investigated. The results revealed that u-PA, PAI-1 and PI tend to stain more intensely in infiltrating tumors than in peripheral connective tissue or normal epithelium, whereas neither t-PA nor TGF-beta showed any such tendency. Not all of these fibrinolytic factors participated in lymph node metastases or influenced tumor size in head and neck SCCs. These results suggest a disorder of fibrinolytic systems in carcinoma cells and that u-PA plays a part in the infiltration of head and neck SCCs by degenerating connective tissue.
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PMID:Relationship between head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and fibrinolytic factors. Immunohistological study. 890 83

In adults, marked angiogenesis takes place only during the female reproductive cycles, during wound healing, and accompanying some disease processes, such as tumor development. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted, endothelial cell-specific growth factor, which is induced by tissue hypoxia and is angiogenic in vivo. We measured serum VEGF (S-VEGF) concentrations by ELISA in patients with a variety of types of cancer, as well as in healthy volunteers, and in patients with diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Elevated S-VEGF concentrations were found in patients with locoregional (n = 39; median, 158 pg/ml; range, 8-664 pg/ml) or disseminated (n = 58; median, 214 pg/ml; range, 17-1711 pg/ml) cancer in comparison to individuals without cancer (n = 113; median, 17 pg/ml; range, 1-177 pg/ml; P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Values higher than 200 pg/ml were observed in 74% of patients with untreated metastatic cancer, and high serum levels were measured regardless of the histological type of cancer. S-VEGF levels were found to be higher in untreated patients with disseminated cancer than in those with local cancer (P = 0.006), and patients undergoing cancer therapy had lower values than those without cancer therapy (P = 0.03). The results indicate that both patients with locoregional cancer and patients with disseminated cancer may have elevated S-VEGF levels, regardless of the histological type of cancer, and that S-VEGF is often elevated in cancer with distant metastases.
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PMID:Serum vascular endothelial growth factor is often elevated in disseminated cancer. 981 32

Surgical resection of lung tissue is employed clinically as a therapy for pulmonary metastases; however, local cancer recurrence is a frequent post-surgical complication. In a variety of small mammals, left pneumonectomy (PNX) initiates rapid compensatory hyperplasia of the remnant lung lobes restoring normal tissue mass, structure and function. Post-PNX compensatory lung growth is known to promote lung tumor formation in carcinogen-treated mice. The present study tests the hypothesis that PNX enhances experimental metastasis to lung. C57B1/6 mice subjected to PNX were given an intravenous injection of B16F10 melanoma cells at various stages of compensatory lung growth. Animals injected with B16F10 cells during the linear phase of the response had 77% to 260% more pulmonary metastases than mice subjected to thoracotomy (P < 0.01). Moreover, measurements of tumor area (mm2) revealed that PNX mice harbored a substantially larger lung tumor burden than control animals. Normalization of the tumor cell inoculum to lung mass yielded similar results. PNX had no effect on growth of sub-cutaneous B16F10 melanoma tumors, suggesting that experimental melanoma metastasis was enhanced by local alterations in the lung microenvironment. These results suggest (1) that PNX is a relevant model in which to investigate mechanisms of local cancer recurrence and, (2) melanoma cell metastatic potential is influenced, at least in part, by local factors modified during post-PNX compensatory lung growth.
Clin Exp Metastasis 2002
PMID:B16F10 melanoma cell colonization of mouse lung is enhanced by partial pneumonectomy. 1219 64

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breasts was introduced in clinical practice over 10 years ago. The method is based on visualization of morphology of the lesion and pathophysiology of their vascularization. It is useful complementary method to mammography and breasts ultrasound, with potential to detect clinically or mammography occult lesions. Compared to the conventional visualization methods, MRI of the breasts is more sensitive, although specificity of the method is lower than sensitivity. The indications for MRI of the breasts are: differentiation between recurrent malignant disease and postoperative or post irradiation changes, local cancer staging in preoperative planning, breasts implants, axillary metastases with occult primary tumor and cases with inconclusive conventional imaging. The limitations of MRI of the breasts are: low sensitivity for in situ carcinomas, false negative results for 10% carcinomas and hormone-induced false positive results. The further development of the method includes: breasts cancer screening in the patients with high risk, monitoring of the effects of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, MR-guided biopsy and new contrast agents.
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PMID:[Magnetic resonance imaging of the breasts: perspectives in clinical use]. 1561 86

Calcium homeostasis is a tightly regulated process involving the co-ordinated efforts of the skeleton, kidney, parathyroid glands and intestine. Neoplasms can alter this homeostasis indirectly through the production of endocrine factors resulting in humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Relatively common with breast and lung cancer, this paraneoplastic condition is most often due to tumour production of parathyroid hormone-related protein and ensuing increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Although control of hypercalcaemia is generally successful, the development of this complication is associated with a poor prognosis. The metastasis of tumour cells to bone represents another skeletal complication of malignancy. As explained in the 'seed and soil' hypothesis, bone represents a fertile ground for cancer cells to flourish. The molecular mechanisms of this mutually beneficial relationship between bone and cancer cells are beginning to be understood. In the case of osteolytic bone disease, tumour-produced parathyroid hormone-related protein stimulates osteoclasts that in turn secrete tumour-activating transforming growth factor-beta that further stimulates local cancer cells. This 'vicious cycle' of bone metastases represents reciprocal bone/cancer cellular signals that likely modulate osteoblastic bone metastatic lesions as well. The development of targeted therapies to either block initial cancer cell chemotaxis, invasion and adhesion or to break the 'vicious cycle' is dependent on a more complete understanding of bone metastases. Although bisphosphonates delay progression of skeletal metastases, it is clear that more effective therapies are needed. Cancer-associated bone morbidity remains a major public health problem, and to improve therapy and prevention it is important to understand the pathophysiology of the effects of cancer on bone. This review will detail scientific advances regarding this area.
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PMID:Hypercalcaemia of malignancy and basic research on mechanisms responsible for osteolytic and osteoblastic metastasis to bone. 1617 92

The heterogeneity of proteoglycans (PG)s contributes to their functional diversity. Many functions depend on their ability to bind and modulate the activity of components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ability of PGs to interact with other molecules, such as growth factors, is largely determined by the fine structure of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Tumorigenesis is associated with changes in the PG synthesis. Heparan sulfate (HS) PGs are involved in several aspects of cancer biology including tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. PGs can have both tumor promoting and tumor suppressing activities depending on the protein core, the GAG attached, molecules they associate with, localization, the tumor subtype, stages, and degree of tumor differentiation. Perlecan is an angiogenic factor involved in tumor invasiveness. The C-terminal domain V of perlecan, named endorepellin, has however been shown to inhibit angiogenesis. Another angiogenic factor is endostatin, the COOH-terminal domain of the part-time PG collagen XVIII. Glypicans and syndecans may promote local cancer cell growth in some cancer tissues, but inhibit tissue invasion and metastasis in others. The GAG hyaluronan (HA) promotes cancer growth by providing a loose matrix for migrating tumor cells and mediates adhesion of cancer cells. HSPG degrading enzymes like heparanase, heparitinase, and other enzymes such as hyaluronidase and MMP are also important in tumor metastasis. Several different treatment strategies that target PGs have been developed. They have the potential to be effective in reducing tumor growth and inhibit the formation of metastases. PGs are also valuable tumor markers in several cancers.
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PMID:Decreasing the metastatic potential in cancers--targeting the heparan sulfate proteoglycans. 1617

The paper presents the technique of extensive systemic transperineal TRUS-guided cor biopsy of the prostate. Some aspects of the patients' safety and quality of biopsy cores are considered. The analysis of TNM stages of the detected cancers (55 cases out of 142 patients who have undergone systemic biopsy) showed 65.4% of local cancer (T1-2). The quality of cores was adequate for histological examination in 92.8% cases. None serious complications was reported. Only in two of ten patients subjected to radical prostatectomy stage T2 was changed to stage T3 in the absence of metastases to regional lymph nodes and distant metastases.
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PMID:[Analysis of efficacy of extensive systematic transperineal TRUS-guided cor biopsy of the prostate]. 1655 Aug 25

In this review new insights in the dissemination pattern of oesophageal tumours and the implications for the (extent of) surgical and endoscopic resection are discussed. Moreover, the sentinel node concept in oesophageal cancer is reconsidered. Three-years survival after a limited resection for cervical-upper thoracic oesophageal cancer was 14-20% after an extended resection. No patients with distant metastases were alive after five years. Therefore, curative surgery for cervical-upper oesophageal cancer with extended lymph node dissection is probably only indicated in patients without distant lymph nodes metastases. Involved coeliac nodes can be found in tumours of the whole oesophagus. Adenocarcinomas of the gastrooesophageal junction do metastasize predominantly to the paracardial and lesser curvature regions. No significant difference was found in a randomized trial comparing two-field transthoracic resection with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the gastrooesophageal junction.(6) Subgroup analysis for patients with a distal oesophageal adenocarcinoma revealed a 17% survival benefit after transthoracic resection. In several Japanese studies a better five-year survival is claimed after a three-field lymph node dissection than after a conventional two-field lymphadenectomy. In a randomized study, however, no statistically significant difference was found in the short- and long-term survival nor in the recurrence rate. If an early lesion is limited to the mucosa, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) could be considered because of the low chance of lymph node metastases. However, the technique of EMR has not yet been optimized resulting in high numbers of local cancer recurrences and a high need for endoscopic re-resections. Only few studies investigated whether the sentinel node concept is applicable to the oesophagus or gastric cardia. In one study in patients with oesophageal or cardia cancer, the accuracy was 96% and only two false negative sentinel nodes were identified. The sentinel node concept in oesophageal cancers might change future operative strategies.
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PMID:New insights in the lymphatic spread of oesophageal cancer and its implications for the extent of surgical resection. 1699 68


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