Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Papillary and follicular carcinomas of the thyroid are differentiated carcinomas developed from the follicular epithelium, that keep some of its morphological and functional characteristics. Their increased incidence is related to an improved screening. Thyroid carcinoma usually presents as a thyroid nodule. Only 5% of nodules are malignant and fine needle biopsy is the most accurate tool for their diagnosis. Initial treatment is standardized and includes a total thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection in case of papillary carcinoma, that is followed by the administration of a large activity of radioiodine in case of incomplete surgery, distant metastases or high risk factors. Papillary carcinomas of less than 1 cm in diameter, when unifocal and intra-thyroid are treated with surgery only, and radioiodine is not indicated. Thyroxine treatment is given to all patients. The majority of patients are cured, as demonstrated by the work-up performed at 1 year (undetectable serum thyroglobulin following stimulation with recombinant human TSH and normal neck ultrasonography). Subsequent follow-up is yearly with serum Tg and TSH determinations that is maintained within the normal range. In the other patients, other tests may be indicated, starting with the administration of a large activity of radioiodine. In these patients, serum TSH should be decreased to a low level.
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PMID:[Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma]. 1758 81

E-Cadherin (CDH1) expression is reduced in thyroid carcinomas by primarily unknown mechanisms. In several tissues, SNAIL (SNAI1) and SLUG (SNAI2) induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition by altering target gene transcription, including CDH1 repression, but these transcription factors have not been studied in thyroid carcinoma. Recently, our group has provided direct evidence that ectopic SNAI1 expression induces epithelial and mesenchymal mouse tumors. SNAI1, SNAI2, and CDH1 expression were analyzed in thyroid-derived cell lines and samples of human follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The effect of SNAI1 expression on CDH1 transcription was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting in ori-3 cells. Thyroid carcinoma development was analyzed in CombitTA-Snail mice, in which SNAI1 levels are up-regulated. SNAI1 and SNAI2 were not expressed in cells derived from normal thyroid tissue, or in normal human thyroid samples, but were highly expressed in cell lines derived from thyroid carcinomas, in human thyroid carcinoma samples, and their metastases. SNAI1 expression in ori-3 cells repressed CDH1 transcription. Combi-TA mice developed papillary thyroid carcinomas, the incidence of which was increased by concomitant radiotherapy. In conclusion, SNAI1 and SNAI2 are ectopically expressed in thyroid carcinomas, and aberrant expression in mice is associated with papillary carcinoma development.
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PMID:Snail family transcription factors are implicated in thyroid carcinogenesis. 1772 39

An unusual case of isolated trapezoid muscle metastasis from a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is described. Although extrathyroidal extension to the soft tissues of the neck may occur, distant metastases are rare in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Skeletal muscle metastasis from a differentiated thyroid carcinoma seems to be extremely rare, even for the follicular type of this cancer, well known for its hematogenous spread to various sites.
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PMID:Distant solitary skeletal muscle metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma. 1805 Aug 33

Medical reports of 8,768 patients with various diseases of thyroid gland were analyzed. There were 1,563 (17.8) male and 7,201 (82.2%) female patients aged 6 to 86 years. One-nodular goiter was diagnosed at 13.85% patients, multinodular goiter - at 67.2%, diffuse toxic goiter - at 5.85%, thyreotoxic adenoma - at 4.91%, Hashimoto's thyroiditis - at 8.16% patients. Thyroid cancer was revealed at 1.56 patients with nodular goiter, at 8.45% - with multinodular goiter, at 2.72% - with diffuse toxic goiter, at 3.71% - with thyreotoxic adenoma, and at 27.09% patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Totally thyroid cancer was diagnosed at 741 (8.45%) patients including 71.12% papillary cancer, 26.47% follicular cancer and 2.42% medullar (anablastic) cancer. Some patients had metastases. It is concluded that all the patients with goiter should be operated. At diffuse toxic goiter the surgical treatment is indicated at the patients with recurrences or after 6 - 12 months of conservative treatment without clinical improvement.
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PMID:[Surgical diseases of thyroid gland]. 1842 31

Thyroid cancer commonly present with a thyroid nodule, a few with cervical lymphadenopathy or metastases. Total of 1320 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) managed in Surgical department, Government General Hospital, Chennai, India for a period of 11 years (1990-2001) were analyzed and 600 patients followed up for a mean of 5.5 years (range, 1-11 years). Aim was to discuss the advantage of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in increasing the preoperative pick up of DTC, Papillary microcarcinoma, advantages of total thyroidectomy as the initial operation for DTC and management of thyroid remnant by completion thyroidectomy or radioiodine I 131 ablation. McNemer's test used for estimating efficacy of ultra sound guided (USG) FNAC, Kaplan-meier survival analysis to calculate mortality and Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis for disease free survival were used in the study.
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PMID:Differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: a paradigm shift in surgical approach. 1882 75

We report two otherwise healthy patients with no prior history of thyroid cancer, who presented to us with a solitary scalp lump. Neuroimaging of both patients showed osteolytic lesions involving the cranium which were subjected to complete excision biopsy and cranioplasty. Histopathological examination revealed metastases from well differentiated follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). Subsequent workup confirmed occult primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in both patients.
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PMID:Follicular thyroid carcinoma presenting as solitary skull metastasis: report of two cases. 1899 15

Thyroid cancer represents the most common endocrine cancer, and rates have been increasing over the last 3 decades. The treatment of cervical metastases in well differentiated thyroid cancer remains in evolution. Many questions require further resolution. Unlike many other malignancies, most large studies have found that overall survival is not significantly affected by regional metastases. On the other hand, several studies have noted that regional disease may decrease survival in selected patient groups. The greatest effect of lymph node metastases seems to be an increase in recurrence rates. Except for the compartment-oriented removal of clinically positive nodes, few strong recommendations may be made.
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PMID:Management of regional metastases in well-differentiated thyroid cancer. 1904 Sep 80

Thyroid cancer collectively encompasses a variety of tumors of disparate morphology and biology. With the exception of radio-iodine therapy for iodine-concentrating well-differentiated thyroid cancers, surgery is the foremost and generally sole effective treatment. Because the growth patterns of these tumors vary tremendously, there is a need to tailor the extent of dissection to the respective tumor entity, especially for less aggressive tumors. No international consensus exists about what precisely constitutes a 'low-risk' or 'high-risk' tumor. Established indications for less-than-total thyroidectomy include small (<or=1 cm), unifocal, and non-metastatic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), and minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC; invasion of the tumor capsule only). Whether occult multifocal PTC and minimally invasive FTC with histopathological evidence of vascular invasion also fall into the 'low-risk' category remains unclear. For node-positive thyroid cancers, compartment-oriented microdissection is the gold standard of care, whereas the concept of prophylactic lymph-node dissection continues to arouse controversy. Most experts agree that routine lymph-node dissection is unnecessary for low-risk well-differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Because occult lymph-node metastases are frequent in high-risk PTC and medullary thyroid carcinoma, compartment-oriented microdissection helps prevent reoperations for 'recurrences' arising from residual nodes, sparing patients the excess morbidity from reoperations in the neck. Because of the looming epidemic of early forms of thyroid cancer, an international consensus is needed regarding (1) the definition of low- versus high-risk tumors; (2) classification of neck nodes; and (3) lymph-node dissection terminology.
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PMID:Surgical approaches in thyroid cancer and lymph-node metastases. 1904 26

Thyroid cancer exhibits a spectrum from relatively indolent tumors to tumors that are invasive, metastatic, or progress to poorly differentiated carcinoma. Microarray expression analysis of thyroid cancer cell lines has implicated a member of the melanoma-associated (MAGE) family of cancer-testis antigens in thyroid cancer development and progression. We performed this study to validate the role of MAGE in human thyroid cancers. A tissue microarray (TMA) of samples from 375 patients with thyroid cancer was analyzed with immunohistochemistry (IHC) to localize MAGE. Western blotting of fractionated proteins from MAGE-transfected cells was used to confirm intracellular localization of proteins. Automated analysis of TMA samples was evaluated and subjected to statistical analysis. MAGE immunoreactivity was identified in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of normal and malignant tissues. Specificity of staining was proved by fractionation studies that confirmed MAGE expression in nucleus and cytoplasm. Normal thyroid tissue exhibited weak cytoplasmic and strong nuclear MAGE reactivity. Tumors exhibited an increase in cytoplasmic MAGE scores that correlated with clinical behavior: larger tumors had higher MAGE scores, and there was a positive and significant correlation between MAGE cytoplasmic score and the number of histologically proven lymph node metastases. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between cytoplasmic MAGE and the percentage of p53-positive nuclei. Our data confirm gene-profiling evidence that members of the MAGE family play a role in thyroid cancer progression. The use of TMA analyses identifies IHC techniques that are translatable to the clinical setting for prognostic assessment of patients with thyroid cancer.
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PMID:Expression of the melanoma-associated antigen is associated with progression of human thyroid cancer. 1926 83

The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing by 4% per year. Thyroid cancer has become the eighth most common malignancy diagnosed in women. Papillary cancer accounts for 80% of all thyroid cancer. The management of papillary thyroid cancer is challenging, primarily because there have been no prospective randomized trials to help guide therapeutic decision making. The purpose of this article is to discuss the contemporary management of papillary thyroid cancer, including the diagnosis and pre-operative evaluation, surgical management, postoperative thyroid hormone and radioiodine therapy, long-term follow-up, prognosis and management of recurrent and metastatic disease. The role of molecular markers to enhance the cytological diagnosis of papillary cancer and new molecular-based therapies will also be reviewed.
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PMID:Contemporary management of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. 1927 10


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