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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence of progesterone receptor (PR), productive fibrosis (PF), axillary nodal status and tumor size are important prognostic variables in breast cancer. In this study we have analyzed the relationship between these four parameters in 78 ductal infiltrating carcinomas of the breast. No relationship was found between PF and the presence of lymph node metastatic disease: however, in the tumors with positive nodes, a limited metastatic diffusion (1-3 lymph nodes) was significantly associated with PF (p less than 0.05). Our study failed to demonstrate any relation between estrogen receptor (ER) and both presence and extension of nodal involvement; in contrast, the tumors with limited metastatic diffusion (1-3 lymph nodes) had a significantly higher prevalence of PR positivity (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, PF was strongly associated with PR (p less than 0.001) and less well with ER (p less than 0.05). The simultaneous presence of PR and marked PF was strongly correlated with limited metastatic involvement of the axilla (p less than 0.007). Tumor size was correlated with the number of positive nodes (p less than 0.001), but not with PR or PF. The results demonstrate that PR status, PF and tumor size are related to limited metastatic diffusion of the axilla: furthermore PF and PR have been shown to be strongly related and we have demonstrated that, at least in ductal infiltrating carcinoma, the simultaneous presence of them identifies a subset of tumors with low metastatic capacity independently of tumor size.
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PMID:Relationship between progesterone receptor, axillary node status and productive fibrosis in ductal infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. 255 78

c-erbB-2 gene analysis by Southern and DNA dot blot methods was done in 66 tumor samples from patients with histologically node-negative breast cancer. The c-erbB-2 gene was amplified 2- to greater than 8-fold in 13 tumors (20%). None of 59 tumors that were examined by the Southern method showed c-erbB-2 gene rearrangement. c-erbB-2 amplification was analyzed in relation to other prognostic factors. The c-erbB-2 gene was amplified in five of 36 (14%) diploid and eight of 30 (27%) aneuploid tumors. Thirteen of 54 (24%) tumors with nuclear Grade 1 or 2 displayed c-erbB-2 amplification, whereas none of 12 tumors with nuclear Grade 3 did. No correlation was observed with estrogen receptor content, tumor size, histological type, or age of patients. The median follow-up date for these patients was 85+ mo. Of 13 patients whose tumors showed c-erbB-2 amplification, six patients (46%) developed recurrence, and five patients (38%) died of metastatic disease. In contrast, of 53 patients whose tumors did not show c-erbB-2 amplification, 15 patients (28%) developed recurrence, and seven patients (13%) died of disease. In conclusion, our results show that c-erbB-2 gene amplification was more frequent in aneuploid tumors and tumors with poor nuclear grade. c-erbB-2 amplification may be considered a possible prognostic factor in node-negative breast cancer.
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PMID:c-erbB-2 amplification in node-negative human breast cancer. 257 24

The metastasizing rat mammary cell strain from the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (London Branch) which was originally developed from a benign rat mammary tumor induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (CAS: 684-93-5), yielded single-cell-cloned lines of isometric epithelial cells [rat mammary (Rama) 600-Rama 621] and one line of elongated cells (Rama 622); the former had a higher estrogen receptor content than the latter. All the representative epithelial cell lines tested (Rama 600, 603, and 617) failed to convert to elongated, myoepithelial-like cells or droplet cell/doming, alveolar-like cells in vitro. All representative cell lines tested induced tumors in syngeneic F344/N rats and CBA nu/nu mice, but only the epithelial lines metastasized to lungs and local lymph nodes in rats and to lungs in nude mice. The involved lungs and lymph nodes contained mainly intravascular thrombi and deposits in the subcapsular sinus, respectively. Tumors and metastases from the representative epithelial cell lines contained acinar and glandular structures together with an elongated cellular component. The Rama 622 tumors contained mainly spindle cells. Antisera to rat milk fat globule membranes and human keratins stained some of the epithelial and elongated cells in the Rama 600 tumors; less staining was observed in the Rama 622 tumors. None of the tumor cells stained with antiserum to myosin. Anti-laminin serum delineated a fragmented basement membrane in glandular elements and stained weakly the cytoplasm of the more elongated tumor cells. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the identity of epithelial cells in the Rama 600 tumors, but no well-differentiated myoepithelial cells were seen in either type of tumor. Since nonmetastasizing epithelial cells isolated directly from carcinogen-induced benign rat mammary tumors can differentiate to myoepithelial-like cells in vitro or when growing as tumors in animals, it is suggested that the development of the malignant phenotype is associated with a loss of this differentiating ability.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of clonal cell lines from a transplantable metastasizing rat mammary tumor, TR2CL. 257 59

Using static cytofluorometry, S-phase was determined on the primary tumors of 421 patients with breast carcinomas in stages I-III diagnosed 1981-85 during the second and third screening rounds of a randomized trial evaluating the effect of mammographic screening. Through December 1988, 82 patients had developed local and/or distant recurrence, 51 of whom had died of cancer during the same period. The distribution among sites of recurrence differed between patients with tumors detected by mammography screening and cancers diagnosed due to clinical symptoms. The mean S-phase fraction was highest in patients with liver or brain metastases and lowest in patients with metastases in subcutaneous and cutaneous tissue and lymph nodes only. In univariate analysis, survival after first recurrence was significantly associated with the site of primary recurrence, the disease-free interval, and node status and tumor size at diagnosis, as well as the S-phase level. The median survival period was 31.3. months for patients with a S-phase fraction below 6%, and 10.7 months in cases with S-phase exceeding 10%. Neither ploidy nor the estrogen receptor content had significant influence on post-recurrence survival. In Cox's multiple regression analysis, only metastatic site, disease-free interval, and S-phase fraction showed significantly independent prognostic value.
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PMID:Influence of S-phase fraction on metastatic pattern and post-recurrence survival in a randomized mammography screening trial. 261 5

With the availability of monoclonal antibodies against the estrogen receptor (ER) it is possible to demonstrate the presence of ER immunohistochemically. Some of the antibodies are claimed to be reactive in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. We have evaluated the reactivity of one of these antibodies, D75 and found an acceptable reaction in routinely formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue. The antibody was applied to both primary and secondary tumors from a group of patients with recurrent breast cancer. The metastatic lesions consisted of lymph node metastases, bone marrow metastases, and liver metastases. While 41% of the primary tumors were ER-positive, this was only the case with 35%, 20%, and 17% of the lymph node, bone marrow, and liver metastases, respectively. The discordance between the ER-status of the primary tumor and the distant metastasis was 41% in cases of bone marrow metastases, and 44% in liver metastases. In most cases the shift was from an ER-positive primary tumor to an ER-negative metastasis. The results support the hypothesis that ER-negative tumor cells are probably more aggressive with a larger metastatic potential than the higher differentiated, ER-positive tumor cells.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptors in paraffin sections from primary and metastatic breast cancer. 261 69

Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and estrogen receptor (ER) was examined by an immunocytochemical assay (ICA) using serial cross-sections of human breast cancer tissues. Immunocytochemical results were compared with those obtained by biochemical competitive binding assay and with histological lymphatic invasion. EGFR was evaluated as positive in 17 (34.0%) out of 50 primary tumors by ICA. A significant inverse relationship of the proportion of stained cells between EGFR and ER was demonstrated. In more than one-half of the tumors that were positive for both EGFR and ER, these 2 receptors were inversely stained in relation to the distribution. In ER-negative cells, EGFR expression was more marked than in ER-positive cells. Biochemical data confirmed the immunocytochemical results, pointing to an inverse relationship between EGFR and ER content. EGFR status correlated well with the degree of lymphatic invasion but not with the number of lymph nodes with metastases.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human breast cancer tissues: relationship to estrogen receptor and lymphatic invasion. 264 19

In an attempt to clarify appropriate treatment options for women with stage IV breast cancer, we studied the survival experience of a large dataset of patients treated on Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) protocols. The study, restricted to women who had had no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease, demonstrated a surprisingly poor prognosis, with an estimated median survival of 1.6 years and only 26% alive at 3 years. Analysis of prognostic factors permitted the identification of subsets with even shorter survival, such as women with estrogen receptor negative tumor in more than one metastatic site and prior adjuvant chemotherapy. We feel that an evaluation of intensive investigational treatment approaches, such as trials using autologous bone marrow transplantation, is justified for most stage IV breast cancer patients, in view of their poor prognosis.
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PMID:Diverse prognosis in metastatic breast cancer: who should be offered alternative initial therapies? 265 Jul 58

Between 1975 and 1982, 167 patients with carcinoma of the breast without axillary lymph node metastases were studied. The thymidine labeling index (LI), representing the percentage of cells in the DNA synthesis phase, was measured in all these patients. High LI values were more frequently encountered in young patients (P = 0.05), in low estrogen receptor (ER) tumor content (P = 0.007) and in high grade tumors (P = 0.0002). The overall 8-year relapse-free survival (RFS) was 68%. Univariate analysis demonstrated that RFS was influenced by histological grading (P = 0.03), ER (P = 0.03), PR (P = 0.02) and LI (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model selected the LI as the single significant prognostic factor with regard to RFS (P = 0.037). These results emphasize the important role of cell proliferation kinetics in defining node-negative breast cancer patients with a high risk of relapse.
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PMID:Factors affecting relapse in node-negative breast cancer. A multivariate analysis including the labeling index. 270 88

A binding competition assay was used to measure the content of transforming growth factor alpha in human mammary carcinomas and their metastases. Thirty one percent of the primary and 50 percent of the metastases expressed the transforming growth factor alpha with values ranging between 1.6 to 278 EGF equivalent ng/mg tumour extract protein. There was no correlation between the transforming growth factor alpha content and the estrogen receptor value.
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PMID:Transforming growth factor alpha in human mammary carcinomas and their metastases. 270 46

Six hundred twenty-six cases of breast cancer treated at the Mason Clinic during the period from January 1, 1977 to December 31, 1987 were retrospectively reviewed. The review included only tumors 2 cm or less in maximal diameter and sought to determine the degree of correlation between axillary lymph node metastases in each of the following: patient age, estrogen receptor status, tumor location, degree of histologic differentiation, and tumor size. Only tumor size correlated significantly with the incidence of axillary lymph node metastases (p = 0.000001). The degree of differentiation appeared to correlate with the incidence of lymph node involvement but was not statistically significant (p = 0.17). No other subset of the above factors could be identified in association with axillary lymph node metastases. Forty-five noninvasive tumors were encountered in this series; none were associated with axillary lymph node metastases. The findings of this review lend support to the importance of screening mammography in the detection of breast cancer.
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PMID:Factors affecting the incidence of lymph node metastases in small cancers of the breast. 271 8


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