Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of cervical cancer is decreasing, wherever screening programs are offered and accepted. Pathogenetic factors for dysplasia and cervical cancer among others are coital activity in early adolescence, promiscuity and low economic status. More than 80 percent of severe cervical dysplasias as a precancerous stage show the oncogenic potential of a sexually transmitted disease. The prognosis of cervical cancer widely depends on the stage found at the time of first detection. The staging procedure which then follows needs gynecological experience and skill. Clinical staging with methods auxiliary to inspection, colposcopy and palpation is still the most common method and remains to be the basis of the international data treasure of the Annual Report of FIGO, although clinical methods and even CT and MRI are insufficient for the evaluation of pelvic and/or paraaortic lymphnode metastases. To overcome the imperfection of clinical staging, surgical procedures are recommended to complete before any therapeutic decision is made, at least in cases thought to be operable. Radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy in stages Ib and IIa is the method of choice in most modern centers of gynecologic oncology. However, radiotherapy is still prevalent in all stages of cervical cancer as the most common therapy around the world. Further development in 5-years survival figures is expected to profit from supporting screening programs in risk populations or from expansions of already existing programs rather than from further modifications of the therapeutic modalities, already highly specialized.
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PMID:[Cervix cancer: incidence, diagnosis, therapeutic principle]. 262 51

A review of oral leukoplakia, based on data from the literature and experience with 84 patients is presented. The leukoplakic lesions of 3 patients developed malignant transformation within an average period of 5 years. All three patients were elderly women with idiopathic leukoplakia, in two cases of the homogeneous and in one case of the non-homogeneous type. The initial biopsy of the former two patients showed only hyperorthokeratosis without epithelial dysplasia. In the first biopsy of the third patient epithelial dysplasia was recorded. One of the patients finally died of widespread metastases. The other two have been treated surgically and are still alive.
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PMID:Oral leukoplakia, with emphasis on malignant transformation. A follow-up study of 46 patients. 265 83

Recent studies have demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) shows great homology with the v-erbB transforming protein and the amplified expression of EGF-R accompanies the malignant transformation of squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix. In this study, the tissue localization of EGF-R in the oncogenesis of uterine cervical cancer was examined by the avidin/biotin immunoperoxidase technique using anti-EGF-R monoclonal antibody. Normal squamous and columnar epithelium was almost negative for EGF-R. The positive rate of EGF-R increased in the precancerous lesions, whereas it decreased in invasive and metastatic cancer (mild dysplasia: 36%, moderate dysplasia: 57%, severe dysplasia: 77%, carcinoma in situ: 82%, microinvasive carcinoma: 80%, squamous cell carcinoma: 24%, glandular dysplasia: 67%, adenocarcinoma in situ: 75%, adenocarcinoma: 8%, adenosquamous carcinoma: 33%, metastatic carcinoma of the pelvic lymph node: 21%). The positive rate of dysplasia in follow up cases was high in the progressive group (regressive group: 0%, persistent group: 62%, progressive group: 80%). These results suggest that EGF-R may play an important role in the early stage of carcinogenesis of uterine cervical cancer, and it will be used as one of the markers in the prognosis of precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical studies on epidermal growth factor receptor in oncogenesis of uterine cervical cancer]. 268 40

Six cases of early gastric stump cancer are presented. The clinical data and macroscopic and microscopic features are described in detail. All the early cancers were located near the gastro-enterostoma. All the carcinomas were of the intestinal type in accordance with Lauren's criteria, and of type II in accordance with the classification of the Japanese Gastroenterological Society. Two carcinomas were multicentric. No metastases were found. In 4 patients no suspicious lesion was found at the site of the carcinoma, stressing the importance of routine multiple biopsies even when no abnormalities are present. In 4 patients, severe dysplasia was found simultaneously with or prior to the carcinoma in one of the stomal biopsies, stressing the significance of severe dysplasia as a morphological marker for cancer. In addition, dysplastic changes were found surrounding the carcinoma in all the surgical specimens. All the patients are well and alive at least 4 years after resection of the carcinoma. All the carcinomas were found more than 20 years after the initial gastric operation. Early detection of gastric stump cancer is readily possible. Early gastric stump carcinoma has a good prognosis. Surveillance of gastric stump cancer can be intensified by identification of postgastrectomy patients with dysplastic mucosal alterations. Severe dysplasia in particular is a dependable marker for cancer.
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PMID:Early gastric stump cancer: macroscopic and microscopic appearance. 273 7

We reviewed a total of 119 resected esophagi with intraepithelial neoplasias of low grade (including slight or moderate dysplasias), high grade (including severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ), or microinvasive squamous carcinoma (i.e., not invasive beyond the submucosa and without metastases in regional lymph nodes). Epithelial buds bulging into the stroma were noted in noninvasive intraepithelial lesions. The most severe degree of histological alteration was used to characterize each case. Of the 119 cases, five were low-grade, 38 were high-grade, and the remaining 76 specimens contained microinvasive squamous carcinoma. Of these, 23 invaded only the lamina propria. Nine invaded the muscularis mucosae, 16 invaded the inner half of the submucosa, and the remaining 28 invaded the outer half of the submucosa. Epithelial buds were divided according to their configuration into types I, II, and III. Grade I was characterized by regular epithelial buds of the same size, grade II had regular buds that varied in size, and grade III had irregular buds (i.e., buds of varying length and width with irregular contours). Our study of 66 specimens with microinvasive squamous carcinoma showed that one of the two specimens that had low grade dysplasia also had type III buds, while 56 of the remaining 64 (87.7%) with high grade dysplasia also had type III buds. Microinvasion originated at the tip of the type III epithelial buds in 12 specimens. Similar results have been demonstrated in experimental animals. We conclude that in the esophageal mucosa, there is a close relationship among the degree of squamous cellular atypia, the formation of epithelial buds, and the progression toward invasive carcinoma.
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PMID:Histological classification of intraepithelial neoplasias and microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the esophagus. 275 Oct 41

The sera of 563 patients who underwent colonoscopy were assayed for glycolipid antigen CA 19-9 and CEA. These patients represented a broad spectrum of clinical diseases ranging from advanced metastatic cancer of the colon, pancreas, or stomach to those with negative colonoscopic examination. Sensitivity and specificity for CA 19-9 and CEA were calculated using the following clinical definitions. Malignant or pre-malignant disease was defined as colon, pancreatic or stomach carcinoma, stomach dysplasia, atypical adenomatous polyp, atypical villous adenoma, carcinoma in situ and carcinoma in an adenomatous polyp. When the normal group included patients with adenomatous polyp, hyperplastic adenoma, inflammatory disease and patients with no disease apparent, the sensitivity and specificity for CA 19-9 was 23% and 96%, and for CEA, 23% and 95%, respectively. When adenomatous polyp patients were placed in the malignant or pre-malignant disease group, the sensitivity and specificity for CA 19-9 was 8% and 96%, and for CEA, 11% and 95%, respectively. When comparing CA 19-9 and CEA in colorectal carcinoma, the percent positivity of the CEA assay was equal to, or better than, CA 19-9 in all Dukes' stages. In pancreatic carcinomas CA 19-9 showed better diagnostic performance than CEA.
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PMID:Comparison of serum CA 19-9 and CEA levels in a population at high risk for colorectal cancer. 280 13

Thirty-four patients with known Paget's disease were examined by CT in order to characterise the appearances of the bones on transverse sections. The typical findings have been related to their anatomical localisation and frequency. The differential diagnosis from conditions with similar CT appearances, such as osteoplastic metastases, fibrous dysplasia or osteomyelosclerosis, is discussed. The CT appearances of Paget's disease are typical in the same way as conventional radiographs.
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PMID:[Morphology of Paget's osteodystrophia deformans in the computed tomogram]. 284 57

Pathological data on 1000 breast lesions obtained from Jordanian females were analyzed and compared to data available from other countries or ethnic groups. Ductal carcinoma was the most frequently encountered lesion followed by fibrocystic disease (mammary dysplasia), fibroadenoma and mastitis. The mean age of Jordanian females with ductal carcinoma was 44.5 years, and many patients presented with advanced stage of the disease as evidenced by the high frequency (74.6%) of nodal metastases in the patients who had axillary lymphadenectomy. The frequencies of medullary and mucinous (colloid) carcinoma were not greatly different from those in other countries, but lobular carcinoma had a substantially low rate of occurrence. Many patients with lactation-associated lesions such as mastitis, galactocele and lactating adenomas were noted, which is attributed to the high fertility rate in Jordan.
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PMID:Breast diseases in Jordanian females: a study of 1000 cases. 299 34

Expression of the ras oncogene product p21 (ras p21) in benign and malignant human colonic tissues was studied using the monoclonal antibody RAP-5 and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Histologically normal colonic mucosa and hyperplastic mucosa adjacent to carcinomas (transitional mucosa) were found, in most cases, to be negative for reactivity with the antibody or showed weak staining of a few epithelial cells. Similar findings were observed in hyperplastic and juvenile polyps. Of the 145 adenomas studied, 47 (32.4%) showed detectable levels of ras p21 expression. RAP-5 immunohistochemical staining was significantly associated with the degree of epithelial dysplasia (P less than 0.01) and the size of adenoma (P less than 0.05), but not with the histological type. Fifty-four of 70 primary adenocarcinomas (77.1%) were reactive with RAP-5 and usually demonstrated a higher percentage of stained cells and more intense cytoplasmic staining than that observed in adenomas. Although metastases often displayed a similar or even higher levels of ras p21 expression compared with the primary carcinomas, in 10 cases one or more metastatic lesions showed lower levels of ras p21. These results suggest that enhanced ras p21 expression may, at times, occur in the early stages of human colon carcinogenesis but are probably not associated with metastatic tumour progression.
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PMID:ras p21 oncoprotein expression in human colonic neoplasia--an immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibody RAP-5. 304 43

The increasing volume of orthopaedic reconstructive procedures requiring replacement of bone stock justifies the initiation of programs of bone banking in community hospitals. Provided that strict criteria are followed to assure rigorous screening of donor bone and the reliable preservation of bone graft material, community banking is safe and cost-effective. Banked allograft bone can be used successfully in a wide variety of orthopaedic procedures performed in community hospitals. In general, the best uses are filling bone cavities, buttressing, and augmenting the quantity of autograft bone. In revision reconstructive surgery of the hip, bank bone is used to replace bone stock in protrusio, acetabular dysplasia, and proximal femoral deficiency. The best and most common indication for the use of bank bone in tumor surgery is after curettage or excision of benign lesions. Allografts may be used to reconstruct bony defects after excision of malignant tumors and in the surgical treatment of metastatic disease. These instances require larger bone bank facilities than those commonly available in a community hospital setting. Medicolegal considerations related to bone banking and the use of allografts in community practice include the regulatory requirements outlined in the UAGA, questions concerning negligence liability, and theories of strict product liability. Overall, good medical practice and obtaining informed consents will minimize legal risks related to bone banking and transplantation in a community setting.
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PMID:Bone banks and allografts in community practice. 304 36


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