Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An alpha-feto-protein (AFP) is present in many mammals, in birds, and in sharks during development. The AFP present in different species have similar physicochemical properties and often have common antigenic determinants. Their study, both in health and disease, has provided a useful model for the understanding of other phase-specific antigens and the activation of the genes which control their synthesis. In the human fetus, the level of AFP falls with increasing maturity. The more sensitive methods of detection have disclosed that this fetal protein persists in trace amounts throughout life and its level increases in maternal blood during pregnancy. The principal sites of synthesis are the fetal liver and in some mammals, the yolk sac splanchnopleur. In humans as well as in mice and cows, it is notable that the synthesis of AFP is increased in liver cancer cells and that high levels of this protein are present in serum. Elevated values of AFP have also been detected in human subjects with undifferentiated tumours of the testis and ovary. A fall to normal levels has been noted in cases of complete remission after surgery and a return to high levels in patients who develop metastases. In some patients with hepatitis a temporary rise in the level of AFP has also been observed. In recent years, the detection of high levels of AFP in amniotic fluid has proved to be of great value for the prenatal diagnosis of neural-tube defects. Abnormal levels have also been found in the amniotic fluid or in maternal serum in cases of spontaneous abortion. Such measurements are now being assessed as a methodof monitoring abnormal pregnancy.
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PMID:Alpha-feto-protein during development and in disease. 4 25

Administration of 40 ppm diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in the drinking water for 10 weeks to male Fischer rats led to hepatocellular carcinoma in 100 percent with metastasis to the lung in 40 percent, of the animals living for the full experimental period of 20 weeks. Concurrent feeding of phenobarbital and DENA for 10 weeks produced cancer of the liver in 77 percent of the animals, but only 9 percent had metastases in the lung. A brief regimen of DENA for 4 weeks, followed by 16 weeks of observation, induced cancer of the liver in only 13 percent of the rats. Administration of phenobarbital, begun 1 week after cessation of DENA intake and terminated at week 20, led to liver cancer in 64 percent of the rodents. Hydroxyurea had no effect on this enhancement. Treatment with a purified gamma fraction of antilymphocytic serum after the DENA did not influence the outcome. Thus phenobarbital given together with DENA reduced the severity of the carcinogenic process, but when it was given after the hepatocarcinogen, it increased the effect.
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PMID:Modification of diethylnitrosamine liver carcinogenesis with phenobarbital but not with immunosuppression. 16 10

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was applied orally to a total of 250 female Wistar rats in a single dose (d) of 3 mg/kg body weight 5 times a week for a duration of 20 weeks. After approximately 150 days exploratory laparotomy was performed to all animals. By inspection of the liver they were divided into 4 stages of disease according to the extent of cancer formation. The reaction of rats with DEN induced liver tumors was tested using a 4-drug combination chemotherapy with different equitoxic doses of Adriamycin (Adm), Methotrexate (Mtx), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Cyclophosphamide (CP). No benefit of drug treatment could be noted. In drug treated animals no decrease in the development of the liver tumors, in the frequency of metastases nor in the frequency of tumors of other origin could be demonstrated. The parallels of chemotherapy in chemically induced liver cancer to clinical experience are discussed.
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PMID:Chemotherapy studies in autochthonous rat tumors: hepatomas. 20 2

Better palliation for patients with hepatic metastases requires improved quality and duration of survival with a low complication rate and acceptable expense. Eligible patients between 1967 and 1977 were treated with a program of systemic chemotherapy until progression of hepatic metastases, then hepatic arterial infusion and subsequent maintenance on systemic chemotherapy. The angiography department was able to place the infusion catheter into the common hepatic artery percutaneously in 85% of all patients. The reasons for failure appeared related to anatomic variations and not to the physical characteristics of the liver cancer. A group of 24 patients with colorectal cancer and another group of 28 patients with 13 different primaries were treated. The colorectal cancer patients attained a median treatment time of 8 months before hepatic arterial infusion, and 9 more thereafter. The median survival of 17 months is much better than that reported for systemic chemotherapy alone. In a group of 28 patients with various primaries treated in the same way, the median survival time was 10 months. The nature of complications and the 6% incidence were the same in both groups. In summary, this is a modality yielding improved quality of life and longer survival with a low complication rate and acceptable costs.
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PMID:Treatment of hepatic metastases by percutaneous hepatic arterial infusion. 31 38

201TI was used as an imaging agent in 173 malignant tumors and 76 benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.64, 0.61, and 0.63, respectively. Sensitivity was good in thyroid cancer (0.91) and fair in primary lung cancer (0.70) and primary liver cancer (0.71). Compared with 67Ga, 201TI appears to have a higher sensitivity in thyroid cancer and nearly the same sensitivity in primary lung cancer. 201TI might be useful in distinguishing cold thyroid nodules and in differentiating primary liver cancer from metastases.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of tumor imaging with 201 TI chloride. 70 67

Liver resection was performed for primary and secondary cancer in 46 patients. Left lobe resection was performed in 11 patients, right lobe resection in 22 and extended right lobe resection in 13. There was no post-operative mortality after left lobe resection, 9 after right lobe and 5 after extended right lobe resection. Ten patients have survived two years after the liver resection. This surgical procedure seems to be of benefit especially for patients with primary liver cancer and with metastases from cancer coli-recti.
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PMID:Liver resection for cancer. 93 37

A Nigerian series of 890 patients with primary liver cell carcinoma, seen during the recent three years, has been examined with a view to establishing the natural history of the tumour in untreated cases. There were 60 males and the mean age of all the patients was 50 years. Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in 70 pc of tested patients and there were higher pathologic levels of aflatoxins in these patients when compared to normal controls. Liver cirrhosis was associated with 81 pc of patients. Alcohol and smoking were unlikely to be aetiologically important in these patients. The macroscopic type of tumour was mainly diffusely nodular and the commonest microscopic pattern was the characteristic trabecular pattern. Metastases were present in 52 pc of the patients and were mainly to the lungs. Due to late presentation and underlying cirrhosis, most patients were critically ill with high incidence of ascites, jaundice and hepatic precoma. The mean survival time of all patients was six months after onset of the initial symptoms to death and only three weeks after admission to death. The major causes of death were advanced cancer in 78 pc, hepatic failure in 48 pc and rupture of tumour, 39 pc. These observations clearly show that the prognosis of liver cancer is dismal in this environment, as elsewhere. Medical education on earlier presentation in hospital and early operative removal of the tumour should be emphasised. It is suggested that an attempt through immunisation should be employed to reduce the incidence of liver cancer in the population.
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PMID:The natural history of primary liver cell carcinoma: a study of 89 untreated adult Nigerians. 132 87

An 88-year-old white man developed hepatocellular carcinoma forming a large subcutaneous mass by direct invasion of the posterior chest wall. Forty-seven cases of cutaneous metastases from primary liver cancer have been reported. These cutaneous metastases showed protean morphologic features with the face and scalp being the most common sites of involvement. The metastatic lesions may be the presenting sign of the cancer. Average survival, after development of a skin metastasis, was 5 months. Skin metastases from primary liver cancer are being reported more frequently. This is due, in part, to more prolonged survival of liver cancer patients, which allows development of skin metastases, and also due to increased awareness by the clinician.
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PMID:Hepatocellular carcinoma invasive to chest wall. 132 95

A 61-year-old male was admitted because of hemoptysis. He had a 9 year history of liver cirrhosis associated with HB viral chronic hepatitis. Physical examination revealed no abnormalities. Laboratory investigations revealed positive HBs antigen with normal alpha-fetoprotein. Chest X-ray film showed large mediastinal lymph nodes and an endobronchial polypoid mass in the distal end of the right main bronchus. The right main PA was narrowed due to compression by the mediastinal mass. Bronchoscopic examination revealed a polypoid mass in the right main bronchus. The biopsy specimen was histologically diagnosed as undifferentiated large cell carcinoma. The patient developed respiratory failure, and died 3 weeks after admission. Autopsy revealed a small liver cancer of 1.3 cm diameter within the cirrhotic liver, associated with a small abdominal lymph node metastasis and large mediastinal lymph node swellings. Thromboembolism in the bilateral main pulmonary arteries was concluded to be the cause of death. The mediastinal mass which directly invaded into the right main bronchus had a close histological similarity with the liver cancer, showing undifferentiated carcinoma cells with bizarre nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. An immunohistological study revealed cells positive for alpha-fetoprotein in the mediastinal lymph nodes. The patient was diagnosed as having small liver cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastases. A survey of the literature revealed only a few cases of advanced hepatoma associated with prominent mediastinal metastases. This is the first reported case of small liver cancer presenting with large mediastinal lymph node metastases.
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PMID:[A case of small liver cancer presenting as a huge mediastinal mass]. 132 37

P-Glycoprotein (Pgp) has been shown to mediate multidrug resistance in tumor cell lines. Overexpression of Pgp has been detected in clinical cancer samples of many histological types. The basis and biological significance of such increases in Pgp expression are not well understood. In this study, the expression of Pgp during stepwise progression to rat liver cancer was examined to investigate the possible role of Pgp in carcinogenesis. An immunohistochemical technique was used to detect Pgp at the single-cell level, in a large number of liver nodules, hepatocellular carcinoma, and in distant metastases of the carcinomas. The results showed that distinct changes in Pgp expression occurred during stepwise liver carcinogenesis and that these changes were closely associated with the microscopic anatomy of the lesions. In contrast to gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and glutathione S-transferase-7.7, whose expression appeared to correlate with the early steps of liver carcinogenesis, Pgp expression was higher in the large hyperplastic nodules and in hepatocellular carcinomas than in the early microscopic lesions. A particularly striking finding was the consistent expression of Pgp in the lung metastases. These findings suggested that Pgp was associated with a more progressed malignant phenotype in liver carcinogenesis.
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PMID:P-glycoprotein expression during tumor progression in the rat liver. 138 36


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