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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A retrospective analysis of 453 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia was carried out in order to identify the incidence, operative findings, and outcome of patients who underwent laparotomy only without a definitive procedure. Of 343 patients who underwent surgery, 81% had their tumours resected and 15% had a bypass procedure. The remaining 14 patients (4%) had an exploratory laparotomy alone. The incidence of performing a laparotomy only was 1.5% for patients with carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus but was 14% for patients with tumour of the gastric cardia (P less than 0.001). The reasons for exploration alone in these 14 patients were advanced local disease (12), bilobar liver metastases (seven), extensive abdominal lymph node metastases (seven), peritoneal seedlings (six) and malignant ascites (four). All except one patient had more than one feature which led to the decision of exploration only. As the overall incidence of exploratory laparotomy was low, it would not be appropriate for all patients to undergo exhaustive and expensive investigations. Surgical exploration continues to be the only reliable method to determine the actual extent of disease and whether a definitive procedure is possible. However, patients with cancer of the cardia with clinical features of advanced disease might warrant additional evaluations as the incidence of exploratory laparotomy alone with minimal prior investigation is relatively high.
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PMID:Exploratory laparotomy alone in carcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia. 257 32

A human carcinoma cell line (ETN-1) has been established from a skin metastasis of a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of endometrial origin. The cell line has been so far maintained for 27 months through 55 passages, growing as a monolayer as well as in 3-dimensional clusters with a population doubling time of 72 hr. The number of chromosomes per cell varied from 39 to 107 (average number 61.0 +/- 19.8), with a modal number of 46-48. Seven clonal marker chromosomes were detected. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a population of pseudo-tetraploid cells (DNA index 2.1) next to a pseudo-diploid population (DNA index 1.1). The epithelial character of the cells was confirmed by a positive immunocytochemical reaction using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to different keratins, the epithelial cell markers BW 495/36 and HMFG-2, as well as by the presence of many junctional complexes. The tumour cells retained a positive reaction with the anti-ovarian carcinoma OV-TL 3, OV-TL 10 and OC 125 MAbs, although the reaction was markedly diminished in comparison with the original tumour. Tumour cells inoculated subcutaneously in nude mice produced well differentiated adenomatous tumour nodules with formation of glandular lumina and basal lamina. Tumour cells injected intraperitoneally produced malignant ascites and regional as well as distant metastases of adenomatous character.
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PMID:ETN-1: a new human endometrial carcinoma cell line producing ascites and distant metastases in nude mice. 273 2

We have adopted various approaches to identifying the genes(s) involved in metastasis. The first has been to observe whether introducing a defined activated oncogene (c-Ha-ras 1) into non-neoplastic cells confers not only tumorigenicity but other characteristics of malignancy. A second approach involves transfection of total genomic DNA from highly metastatic into nonmetastatic tumour cells. Thirdly, we are studying whether treatment of weakly metastatic tumour cells with agents known to influence tumour progression and gene expression (e.g. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or 2'-deoxy-5-azacytidine) can affect metastatic capability. It was found that 3T3 fibroblasts which incorporated and expressed the activated rasH oncogene became tumorigenic and capable of lung colonization but not spontaneously metastatic. Additionally, transfection of inert tumour cells with DNA from highly metastatic human and animal cell lines sometimes markedly augmented their spontaneous metastatic capability and their lung colony-forming potential and induced them to form deposits in many extrapulmonary sites. Treatment of some tumour cell lines with azacytidine and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate markedly increased their metastatic behaviour after subcutaneous inoculation. Because several cell divisions occurred to produce the subcutaneous tumour before the cells disseminated, we consider the changed phenotype to be heritable and probably caused by alterations in gene expression. These results suggest that components of the metastatic phenotype are heritable and highly conserved in evolution and can be conferred on previously non-metastatic tumour cells by transfer of genomic DNA. In other studies we found that metastasizing tumour cells reach all organs in the body within minutes of entry into the blood but that the distribution of subsequent secondary tumours is neither uniform nor proportional to the numbers of cells retained in each site. The patterns of distribution of metastases tend to be related to the tissue of origin of the primary tumour. This was confirmed in observations on patients with intractable malignant ascites treated with peritoneo-venous shunts. Co-culture of tumour cells with fragments of various organs in vitro supported the conclusion that the normal cells of organs can support or inhibit secondary tumour formation. These observations collectively indicate that metastasis results from acquired abnormalities in gene regulation in tumour cells, but that the resulting abnormal cell behaviour can sometimes be modified or inhibited by local or systemic conditions in the host.
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PMID:Molecular genetics of metastasis. 307 33

The induction of colonic adenocarcinoma using two different regimens of dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in Fischer F344 rats is described. Rats receiving 20 mg/kg of DMH per week for 20 weeks developed primary tumors with metastases, whereas rats receiving the same weekly dose for 15 weeks developed primary tumors only. The most common route of metastases was transcelomic which often was associated with ascites. The epithelial origin of malignant ascites cells was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining with antidesmosomal antibodies and demonstration of desmosomes by electron microscopy. When transplanted into syngeneic rats, the cells of the malignant ascites resulted in the development of adenocarcinomatous metastases.
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PMID:Transplantable colonic adenocarcinomas in rats. 354 99

A review of 255 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma revealed that metastases consistent with Stage IV disease developed in 97 patients (38.0%) at some time during the natural history of their disease. Malignant pleural effusions developed in 63 patients (24.7%), and their median survival (from the time of diagnosis of the effusion) was 6 months. Parenchymal liver metastases developed in 24 patients (9.4%; median survival, 5 months); parenchymal lung metastases in 18 patients (7.1%; median survival, 8 months); distant lymph node metastases in 18 patients (7.1%; median survival, 9 months); subcutaneous nodules in nine patients (3.5%; median survival, 12 months); a malignant pericardial effusion in six patients (2.4%; median survival, 2.3 months); central nervous system metastases in five patients (2%; median survival, 1.3 months); and bone metastases in four patients (1.6%; median survival, 4 months). Patients with Stage IV disease at the time of diagnosis had a median survival of 9.1 months, while patients with a delayed occurrence of distant metastases had a median survival of only 4 months from the time of diagnosis of the distant metastases. Significant risk factors for distant metastases were malignant ascites, peritoneal carcinomatosis, large metastatic disease within the abdomen, and retroperitoneal lymph node involvement at the time of the initial surgery. The significance of positive retroperitoneal nodes and bulky upper abdominal disease has important therapeutic implications.
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PMID:Distant metastases in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. 362 Nov 29

The cases of 42 patients with malignant ascites treated with a peritoneal venous shunt over a 5-year period are reviewed to establish the incidence of surgical and postsurgical complications. Although the yield of malignant cells found in the peripheral blood was increased after shunting, no new hematogenous metastases were observed after the operation. No evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was observed after shunt placement. While the shunt effectively relieved the discomfort due to abdominal distention and respiratory impairment, no restoration of cutaneous hypersensitivity was observed in the nine patients who were anergic prior to surgery. The median survival of patients with breast and gynecological cancer, after surgery, was significantly longer than the survival of patients with primary gastrointestinal neoplasma. In conclusion, peritoneal venous shunt appears to be an effective and safe method to improve the quality of life of patients with malignant ascites.
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PMID:Peritoneovenous shunt and neoplastic ascites: a 5-year experience report. 376 70

Forty-three peritoneovenous shunts have been inserted to palliate malignant ascites in 33 patients. Ascites was controlled for a time in every patient, but 18 shunts eventually blocked. Further shunt revision successfully controlled ascites until death in five of these patients and for prolonged periods in another five. The authors observed a marked difference between the performances of the two available shunts, but emphasize that the two groups of patients were not selected at random and therefore may not be comparable. Twelve postmortem examinations have been performed in the 33 patients to ascertain causes of shunt malfunction and to identify possible evidence of abnormal or accelerated tumor spread. The postmortem findings highlight great variability in the capacity of iatrogenically introduced showers of tumor cells to seed. There was a spectrum of tumor growth in the lung from a complete absence of tumor cells through dormant tumor clumps to developing metastases. The authors found no evidence either clinically or at autopsy, that the procedure had adversely affected the prognosis, except in one patient who died from pulmonary edema immediately after the operation.
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PMID:Surgical and pathologic complications associated with peritoneovenous shunts in management of malignant ascites. 397 77

An orthotopic xenograft of the human pancreatic tumor was established by inoculating human pancreatic tumor AsPC-1 cells into the duodenal lobe of the pancreas of the athymic nude mouse. Microscopically, the xenograft was formed by a heterogeneous population of tumor cells, displaying moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas with the latter capable of invading the adjacent pancreatic islets or non-endocrine elements. At 4 weeks post-transplantation, the tumor was detectable as a focal implant at the site of inoculation and thereafter grew progressively leading to extensive visceral invasion and metastasis. In contrast to the subcutaneous xenograft, all the mice (9/9) bearing orthotopically transplanted tumor developed secondary foci in the gut and at the peritoneum, with 7, 6, and 4 animals showing additional kidney, mesenteric lymphnodal, and diaphragm metastases, respectively. Distant metastases in the lungs were found in 3 mice and malignant ascites developed in two. Human pancreas cancer associated antigen was detected in the tumor, serum, and ascitic fluid of the mice at 63 +/- 24 micrograms/gm, 15 +/- 6 micrograms/ml, and 5 micrograms/ml, respectively. The finding of these regional and distant metastases was quite different from that in the animal bearing subcutaneously xenografted tumor where no metastases to internal organs was observed. The results suggest the potential use of this experimental system in tumor biology and antigen expression of human pancreatic cancer in vivo.
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PMID:Characterization of the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of a human pancreatic tumor cell line (AsPC-1) implanted orthotopically into nude mice. 402 65

Three human cell lines from adenocarcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary tract were established in permanent tissue culture. Mz-ChA-1 and Mz-ChA-2 were cultured from mechanically dissociated gallbladder adenocarcinoma metastases and SK-ChA-1 was grown from malignant ascites of a patient with primary adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tree. Cell doubling times in tissue culture are 3-4 days for Mz-ChA-1 and approximately 2 days for Mz-ChA-2 and SK-ChA-1. All three tumour cell lines were successfully transplanted to nude mice, inducing progressive tumour growth. Histologically, nude mouse tumours resembled the original adenocarcinomas. In vitro formation of gland-like structures were regularly seen in Mz-ChA-1 and Mz-ChA-2 but only occasionally in SK-ChA-1. All three cell lines formed contacts through interdigitating processes with desmosomes and junctional complexes. On scanning electron microscopy, an abundance of microvilli was seen at the cell surfaces. Chromosome analyses of all three tumour cell lines showed a wide range of numerical abnormalities and presence of marker chromosomes. Mz-ChA-1 appears to be highly differentiated with cells producing mucus. Mz-ChA-2 synthesizes components of complement C2, C3 and C5, while Mz-ChA-1 and SK-ChA-1 produce only C3 in detectable quantities. In addition, Mz-ChA-2 supernatants are positive for ferritin and alpha 1-fetoprotein, but not CEA; while Mz-ChA-1 and SK-ChA-1 produce only CEA. Supernatants of all three cell lines are positive for N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA), phosphohexoisomerase (PHI) and LDH, and negative for alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-anti-trypsin, gamma-GT, AP, coeruloplasmin, haptoglobin and albumin. A high cloning efficiency renders these new tumour cell lines suitable for continued studies on clonal heterogeneity in malignant tumours. The establishment of these cell lines in tissue culture facilitates further studies on the biology of upper gastrointestinal tract cancer in man.
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PMID:Biliary adenocarcinoma. Characterisation of three new human tumor cell lines. 405 57

We have used in vivo and in vitro procedures to select a subpopulation of cells from the human ovarian carcinoma cell line, NIH:OVCAR-3, with the capacity to grow i.p. in female nude athymic mice. After i.p. injection of these cells, animals develop metastatic spread similar to that of clinical ovarian cancer. Disease progression is characterized by the development of massive ascites, extensive invasive i.p. tumors, and pulmonary metastases. The malignant ascites cells are transplantable, manifest cytoplasmic androgen and estrogen receptors, and express the ovarian cancer associated antigen CA125 (116,000 units/ml of ascites supernatant). The cells also have the same chromosome markers which were present in the original cell line, NIH:OVCAR-3. Survival following i.p. passage of ascites is dependent on tumor cell inoculum ranging from a median survival of 39 days with 40 million cells to 84 days for 11.5 million transplanted cells. The characteristics of this unique in vivo model make it well suited for the evaluation of new drugs and novel experimental therapies in ovarian cancer. In addition, this in vivo model, together with ovarian cancer cell lines, may prove particularly useful for the study of pharmacological ways to specifically increase the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents in tumor cells while not increasing toxicity in normal tissues. The presence of hormone receptors should facilitate the experimental evaluation of hormonal therapy in ovarian cancer.
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PMID:Characterization of a xenograft model of human ovarian carcinoma which produces ascites and intraabdominal carcinomatosis in mice. 633 72


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