Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antibodies to intermediate filament proteins react in a tissue-specific manner and can be used to characterize tumor cells present in thin-needle aspirates from solid tumors, from palpable lymph nodes and cells present in samples from peritoneal and pleural effusions. From our studies so far the following conclusions can be drawn: Polyclonal antisera to cytokeratins can identify carcinoma metastases in thin-needle aspirates from palpable lymph nodes and distinguish them from malignant lymphomas and nonmalignant lesions such as chronic lymphadenitis, which show only vimentin-positive cells. Monoclonal antibodies to specific cytokeratin polypeptides are able to distinguish between different types of epithelial tumor metastases, i.e. metastases from adenocarcinomas and metastases from squamous cell carcinomas. Cells present in peritoneal and pleural effusions can be partly characterized using intermediate filament antisera. We have found that metastatic adenocarcinoma cells from breast, ovary, endometrium, cervix, colon and stomach, as well as squamous cell carcinomas and malignant mesothelioma stain specifically with antibodies to cytokeratin while mesenchymally derived tumors such as malignant lymphomas, malignant melanomas, and fibrosarcomas, are positive for vimentin only. Metastatic tumor cells of epithelial origin present in aspirates from human serous body cavity fluids may coexpress vimentin next to their original cytokeratin intermediate filaments. Benign mesothelial cells present in body cavity fluids frequently coexpress cytokeratins and vimentin. Tumor cells present in thin-needle aspirates from solid tumors such as pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland can be identified as such because of their typical patterns of intermediate filament (co-)expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cytoskeletal proteins as tissue-specific markers in cytopathology. 242 90

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) exerts a wide spectrum of activity on many different cell types. Since TGF beta inhibits the growth of a variety of epithelial tumor cells in vitro, we examined the effects of TGF beta on the human prostate cancer cell lines DU145, PC3 and LNCaP for possible inhibitory activity. Growth in monolayer was initially inhibited in a dose-response fashion in the two androgen-independent cell lines, PC3 and DU145 but not in the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. The rate of growth of the PC3 and DU145 cells treated with TGF beta, however, eventually returned to control levels despite retreatment with TGF beta. Anchorage-independent growth was inhibited to 55% and 16% control levels in PC3 and DU145, respectively. Scatchard analysis showed 1500 and 2900 TGF beta binding sites/cell on DU145 and PC3 cells with Kd = 6.9 and 12 x 10(-12) M, respectively. High-affinity binding could not be demonstrated on LNCaP cells. We also explored the possibility that TGF beta was secreted by these cells. Analysis of conditioned media by immunoprecipitation and a radioreceptor assay showed secretion of TGF beta into the media by DU145 and PC3 but not by LNCaP. Northern analysis showed the presence of TGF beta mRNA in DU145 and PC3, but not in LNCaP. These data indicate that TGF beta might serve as an autocrine inhibitory factor in prostate cancer. In addition, because TGF beta affects a wide range of cell types, TGF beta production by prostate cancer cells may contribute an important paracrine function in the development of tumor stromal tissue and metastases.
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PMID:Differential effects of transforming growth factor beta on human prostate cancer cells in vitro. 254 87

Ocular metastases developed from breast carcinomas in two women 7 and 19 years after their mastectomies. They were both ciliary body metastases that had eroded through the root of the iris to present as unifocal globular, gelatinous (colloid) masses in the anterior chamber, and were amenable to local surgery. Histopathologically, small cellular clusters were widely separated in a sea of mucin; the tumor cells failed to display marked pleomorphism or mitotic activity. In each case, the distinction from a primary mucinous ciliary epithelial neoplasm had to be made both clinically and pathologically. For comparison, the authors also report a unique primary ciliary carcinoma that caused intractable glaucoma by spreading diffusely throughout the iris, ciliary body, and anterior chamber angle, and that necessitated enucleation. The tumor cells failed to produce hyaluronic acid but elaborated a mucosubstance which was histochemically indistinguishable from that of the metastatic carcinomas. This primary neoplasm, however, exhibited the following histologic differences from the metastases: more architectural variability, including garlands and festoons of cells not forming lumens that were suspended in a mucinous matrix; much more abundant intracellular mucin; foci of sheet-like and pleomorphic cellular proliferations with mitotic activity; and partial replacement of the ciliary processes by a comparatively benign-appearing mucinous columnar epithelium.
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PMID:Metastatic colloid carcinoma versus primary carcinoma of the ciliary epithelium. 282 94

In a histologic reevaluation of 247 primary human mucinous breast carcinomas, 207 tumors fullfilled the criteria for further histopathological evaluation. The criteria for entrance in this survey are that at least 25% of the tumor consists of areas of extracellular mucin with small islands of solid epithelial tumor tissue floating in the mucin, and that the extracellular mucin should comprise at least 33% of the total tumor volume. The 247 carcinomas that have been further evaluated have been subclassified into two groups: "pure" mucinous breast carcinomas that consist solely of tumor tissue with extracellular mucin production (95 tumors), and "mixed" mucinous carcinomas that also contain infiltrating carcinoma without extracellular mucin (112 tumor). A significantly greater number of mixed carcinomas than pure carcinomas have an aggressive growth pattern--as defined by tumor size, adherence to overlying skin/bottom fascie, and primary axillary lymph node metastases. The histogenesis of the mucinous carcinomas is briefly discussed in relation to the present observations and the literature. The importance of clearly distinguishing between the mixed and the pure mucinous carcinomas in the diagnosis of these tumors is emphasized.
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PMID:Human mucinous breast carcinomas and their lymph node metastases. A histological review of 247 cases. 299 36

An animal model for human colon cancer metastasis is described in which spontaneously metastasizing colonic tumors are formed after injection of human colon cancer cells into the cecal wall of young athymic nude mice. Lymphatic and vascular invasion were demonstrated histologically after injection of both well- and poorly-differentiated cell lines, and metastases were found in a pattern similar to that of naturally occurring human colonic cancer. In contrast, little or no visceral organ involvement could be demonstrated after s.c. injection. Cells with increased liver-metastasizing potential were obtained by serial selection in this system. These cells had an enhanced ability to penetrate a reconstituted basement membrane in the presence of partially purified liver extract when compared to lung or brain extracts in a modified Boyden chamber assay. These results demonstrate the ability of human epithelial tumor cells to metastasize reproducibly in an animal model system, which may be useful for studying many aspects of the pathogenesis of cancer metastasis. In addition, it is suggested that local invasion by colon cancer cells may be influenced in part by tissue-specific factors.
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PMID:A new animal model for human colon cancer metastasis. 303 11

Overall bone metastasis (BM) was found upon autopsy in 271 (26.0%) of 1041 patients who died due to malignant epithelial neoplasm at our hospital over the last 20 years. The incidences of BM from primary organs were as follows; 71.4% for breast cancer, 70.0% for prostate, 49.6% for lung and 22.5% for stomach. The distribution of skeletal metastases was the lumber spine in 63.8% of cases, sternum in 38.0% and ribs in 26.2% as revealed by routine autopsy examination. The most common pathway of BM was the transpulmonary route, followed by the vertebral venous system which is known to be involved in metastasis to the spine. The frequency of BM via the vertebral venous system without pulmonary metastasis was 30% for carcinoma of the prostate, 10.4% for the uterus, 7.4% for the breast and 3.5% for the stomach in our examination series. Types of focal reaction to BM were classified as osteoplastic (OP), osteolytic (OL), intertrabecular and mixed types. The mixed type showed transitional and mixed features between OP and OL types. Therefore they were considered to be closely related. Relationships between primary organs and histologic appearances revealed a degree of specificity for BM. Squamous cell carcinoma in various organs and small cell carcinoma of the lung appeared to produce an OL but not OP reaction. OP was especially characteristic of prostatic cancer, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach and breast, in young patients. There appeared to be a relation between clinical course and the form of treatment for metastatic bone reaction.
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PMID:[Histopathology of metastatic bone tumors]. 359 9

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH) is a vascular neoplasm that occurs predominantly in soft tissue and is not infrequently misdiagnosed as an epithelial neoplasm or angiosarcoma. Only a few cases of hepatic EH have been described, and a relationship to oral contraceptive (OC) use in patients with the hepatic lesions has not generally been recognized. We present a series of five patients with malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver. Confirmation of the endothelial origin of these tumors was provided by positive immunoperoxidase staining for Factor-VIII-related antigen in the four cases studied by that technique, and by the demonstration of Weibel-Palade bodies in two tumors examined by electron microscopy. All five patients were young women (mean age 33 years) and all five gave a history of OC use of 4-7 years' duration. The clinical course varied from indolent but progressive to rapid death. One patient who underwent resection of the primary tumor has survived 3 years without evidence of disease, and one patient with metastatic disease who was treated with radiation and chemotherapy has survived for 8 years with disease. Three patients with extrahepatic spread have died of the tumor. Early diagnosis of this distinctive tumor might offer the hope of salvage by resection or liver transplantation.
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PMID:Malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver in young women. Relationship to oral contraceptive use. 390 92

Among 2175 patients seen over the last three years in a non-specialized department of internal medicine with no intensive care unit, 100 had supranormal serum lactic dehydrogenase activities. These patients' case-reports have been analyzed. Nearly half the patients (47/100) had a malignant disease (cancer or hemopathy). Among the remaining patients, 19 had a hepatic disorder (alcohol hepatitis in 10, viral hepatitis in 8, and isoniazide hepatitis in 1), 7 had a heart disease (heart failure with hepatomegaly in 5, myocardial infarction in 2), and 27 had various other conditions (including hemolysis in 6 and polymyositis en 3). The value of serum LDH assay is obvious in situations other than acute conditions such as myocardial infarction of pulmonary embolism; these are better known and have not been studied here as their prevalence was low among the patients enlisted in our study. In comparison to other enzymes (alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), transaminases (GOT, GPT) that were also routinely assayed in our patients, abnormal serum LDH activities are much less common and their significance is quite different. An increase in serum and their significance is quite different. An increase in serum LDH activity indicates a serious condition, often with a fatal outcome. The "various other conditions" group includes patients with hemolysis, hepatitis and myositis; the other patients in this group either had severe infectious diseases or died suddenly in the first few days of their hospitalization before diagnosis had been established. Each etiologic group has been analyzed to asses the characteristics of patients with increased LDH activity according to each etiology. Analysis of coincident abnormalities of the other enzymes listed above shows marked differences between etiologic groups; diagnostic accuracy can thus be enhanced in certain conditions. Most patients with malignancies had poorly differentiated tumors, with metastases: 28 had an epithelial tumor, with hepatic and/or bone metastases in 23 cases, 5 had cancer of the liver, 10 had a malignant hemopathy (2 lymphomas, 5 myeloproliferative syndromes, 3 acute leukemias), and 4 had a sarcoma. Cancer of the lung is the most common malignancy (10 cases) and may be responsible for increased serum LDH activity even in patients without metastases. Serum LDH assay is of value for monitoring the course in patients with initially increased activities as it falls under effective therapy and rises during exacerbations.
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PMID:[Value and diagnostic significance of serum lactic dehydrogenase in internal medicine (author's transl)]. 628 24

The mean number of tumor-infiltrating lymphoid cells with surface IgA was moderately higher in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) than in their neck gland metastases or in other head and neck tumors. Within the group of primary NPC, patients with large numbers of IgA positive infiltrating cells had a significantly lower mean IgA antibody titer to Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen. It is unlikely therefore that the unique, frequent elevation of this antibody titer in NPC is due to stimulation of infiltrating IgA positive lymphoid cells among the virus-containing epithelial tumor cells.
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PMID:Serum anti-EBV IgA is inversely related to tumor infiltration by surface IgA positive lymphocytes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 631 7

The histologic features of 63 renal tumors induced in 39 rabbits of two partially inbred strains, IIIVO/J and WH/J, by transplacental exposure to N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) were analyzed. All tumors in the series conformed to nephroblastoma, permitting the establishment of histologic standards for this neoplasm in the rabbit as well as observations on tumor progression. Essentially, nephroblastoma proved to be predominantly an epithelial tumor identifying with metanephrogenic blastema, which was presumed to be the tissue of origin during fetal development. The outstanding features comprised clusters or sheets of undifferentiated blastemalike tissue and differentiation along the epithelial pathway into tubular profiles and structures suggestive of primitive, nonvascularized glomeruli. The latter were frequently of a complex nature, with a papillary configuration. On the other hand, no definitive evidence of bipotential differentiation into malignant secondary mesenchyme was found, there being no recognizable areas of fibrosarcomatous elements or specialized connective tissue such as smooth or striated muscle, adipose tissue, cartilage, or osteoid. Mesenchymelike fascicular disposition of neoplastic cells between blastemal clusters was an acquired feature seen in advanced tumors but not in small early lesions. By light microscopy alone it was not possible to determine whether this represented a conformational change of tumor cells or true bipotential differentiation into neoplastic secondary mesenchyme. However, the reticulin pattern was not characteristic of sarcoma. A conspicuous feature accompanying the growth and development of tumors was the magnitude of host fibrous reaction discernible only as a simple ramifying stroma in the earliest lesions but attaining impressive proportions both within and around the tumor with advancing age. Increasing collagen formation appeared to be associated with ischemic necrosis of tumor tissue. Other features of advanced tumors were the presence of discrete foci of differentiated tubular structures suggestive of mature medullary elements and small islands of squamoid differentiation. Metastases occurred only in rabbits of strain IIIVO/J, which had been subjected to a single dose of the carcinogen, representing an incidence in this subgroup of 25%. Nephroblastomas resulting from transplacental induction in IIIVO/J rabbits, particularly by single, high doses of ENU, appear to provide a suitable model for the predominant histologic form of the Wilms' tumor complex in man.
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PMID:Histologic characterization of renal tumors (nephroblastomas) induced transplacentally in IIIVO/J and WH/J rabbits by N-ethylnitrosourea. 631 4


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