Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Little is known about the coincidence of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, although there is an increased incidence of chronic HCV infection with cryoglobulinemia type II and, interestingly, low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in a few patients. We therefore report on a 74-year-old white male with known chronic hepatitis C virus infection who was admitted to the clinic due to weight loss and pain in the right upper quadrant. Ultrasound examination was performed for suspected hepatocellular carcinoma since a lesion in the left lobe of the liver was seen. X-ray of the lungs showed a few scattered lesions, suggestive of metastases. The ultrasound-guided fine-needle puncture revealed a high-grade malignant B-cell NHL While alpha-fetoprotein was normal, both cryoglobulin type II and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HCV were positive. After six cycles of chemotherapy consisting of CHOP, the patient showed complete remission over three years. Ultimately, he died due to a sudden myeloic blast crisis. In summary, we discuss the possible etiopathologic role of the hepatitis viruses in the occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. As we and others showed that HCV infects peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBML), the infected PBML not only may be a source for reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation, but also could be the cause for transformation and monoclonal propagation of lymphomatous tissue.
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PMID:Primary hepatic high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic hepatitis C infection. 939 1

The frequency of bcl-2 protein expression was evaluated using immunocytochemical staining during the progression of human and rat prostate cancer from an androgen-sensitive nonmetastatic to an androgen-independent metastatic phenotype. Previous studies (A. S. Shabaik et al., J. Urol. Pathol., 3: 17-27, 1995) demonstrated that 0 of 20 high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias and only 3 (7%) of 41 pathologically localized stage B human prostatic cancers had detectable bcl-2 staining. In the present study, 5 (17%) of 30 lymph node metastases from pathologically disseminated D1 disease and 14 (52%) of 27 bone metastases from pathologically disseminated D2 disease expressed detectable bcl-2 protein. These data demonstrate that there is a statistically significant (P < 0.05) association between expression of bcl-2 and the progression of human prostatic cancer cells to a metastatic phenotype. Such bcl-2 expression is not absolutely required, however, for either androgen independence or metastatic ability by human prostatic cancer cells. Likewise, within a series of eight distinct Dunning R3327 rat prostatic cancer sublines, which differ widely in their progressional state, there is also a significant association (P < 0. 05) between bcl-2 expression and progression (four of six androgen-independent rat sublines expressed bcl-2 protein). Again in this rodent system, bcl-2 expression is not an absolute requirement for either androgen independence or metastatic ability. For example, the androgen-independent highly metastatic Dunning AT-3 subline, while expressing bax protein, does not express bcl-2 protein. If such AT-3 cells are genetically engineered to express bcl-2, these expressing cells are now cross-resistant to a variety of mechanistically diverse noxious insults (e.g., viral infection or exposure to antimetabolites, alkylating agents, or agents which elevate the intracellular free Ca2+). The ability of bcl-2 to inhibit the programmed death of AT-3 cells induced by these agents involves a late step in the death process, since the early induction of expression of a series of genes associated with apoptosis is not impaired by bcl-2 expression. These data demonstrate that the development of androgen independence and/or metastatic ability can be associated with the expression of bcl-2 protein but that bcl-2-independent mechanisms also exist for such progression.
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PMID:Expression of bcl-2 and the progression of human and rodent prostatic cancers. 981 82

Although cancer has an annual incidence of only about 150 new cases per 1 million U.S. children, it is the second leading cause of childhood deaths. Early detection and prompt therapy have the potential to reduce mortality. Leukemias, lymphomas and central nervous system tumors account for more than one half of new cancer cases in children. Early in the disease, leukemia may cause nonspecific symptoms similar to those of a viral infection. Leukemia should be suspected if persistent vague symptoms are accompanied by evidence of abnormal bleeding, bone pain, lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. The presenting symptoms of a brain tumor may include elevated intracranial pressure, nerve abnormalities and seizures. A spinal tumor often presents with signs and symptoms of spinal cord compression. In children, lymphoma may present as one or more painless masses, often in the neck, accompanied by signs and symptoms resulting from local compression, as well as signs and symptoms of systemic disturbances, such as fever and weight loss. A neuroblastoma may arise from sympathetic nervous tissue anywhere in the body, but this tumor most often develops in the abdomen. The presentation depends on the local effects of the solid tumor and any metastases. An abdominal mass in a child may also be due to Wilms' tumor. This neoplasm may present with renal signs and symptoms, such as hypertension, hematuria and abdominal pain. A tumor of the musculoskeletal system is often first detected when trauma appears to cause pain and dysfunction out of proportion to the injury. Primary care physicians should be alert for possible presenting signs and symptoms of childhood malignancy, particularly in patients with Down syndrome or other congenital and familial conditions associated with an increased risk of cancer.
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PMID:Recognition of common childhood malignancies. 1077 55

Urologic emergencies are common in the cancer patient and relate mainly to complications of bladder hemorrhage, upper or lower urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infection, and priapism. Hemorrhagic cystitis is commonly due to bladder injury from radiation therapy, viral infection, or metabolites of chemotherapeutic agents. Treatments aimed at ameliorating the effects of theses metabolites, such as mesna and intravenous (IV) hydration, coupled with cystoscopy, evacuation of clots, and formalin instillation, have given clinicians an effective means of avoiding exsanguinating hemorrhage from the bladder. Malignant ureteral obstruction is an ominous sign in the cancer patient and may be due to tumor compression, retroperitoneal adenopathy, or direct tumor invasion. The endourologic procedures of ureteral stenting and percutaneous nephrostomy are effective means of palliation; however, complications of infection, stent obstruction, and stent migration can result in hospital admission and a decline in quality of life. Median survival for patients with malignant ureteral obstruction is less than 7 months, regardless of the tumor of origin. Bladder outlet obstruction leading to urinary retention can be due to mechanical factors involving the bladder neck or prostate, or to a breakdown in the neurophysiologic function of the bladder. Every attempt is made to avoid surgical intervention or the placement of chronic in-dwelling catheter in these often debilitated patients. Patients are often effectively treated with a variety of pharmacologic agents, such as alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers or by the initiation of chronic intermittent catheterization. Urinary tract infections are particularly dangerous in neutropenic and bone marrow transplant patients, with bladder catheters the most common portal entry. The colonization and later infection by resistant nosocomial organisms, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, can rapidly lead to life-threatening sepsis. On rare occasions, emergency surgical intervention with adequate open drainage or nephrectomy is required to control such infections. Priapism can be caused by hematologic malignancy with hypercoagulation, metastatic disease involving the corpora cavernosa with thrombosis of the venous outflow from the penis, or rarely from intracavernous injections used for the treatment of impotence. If effective treatment exists for the primary tumor, improvement or resolution of the state of priapism may occur. Radiation therapy may be required to decrease the pain associated with malignant priapism, but surgical shunting procedures are rarely effective.
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PMID:Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient. 1086 17

Advanced human immunodeficiency viral disease is associated with a high prevalence of cervical squamous intraepithelial and invasive lesions and probably with a rapidly progressive course of disease. Metastases to the skin occur rarely in cervical cancer, even in terminal stage of the disease. A patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for 14 years was diagnosed with squamous cell cancer of the cervix, Stage I-B2 in June 1997. She underwent successful radiotherapy. She then presented in January 1999 with recurrence evidenced by extensive subcutaneous nodules and multiple metastases. The patient developed rapidly progressive disease and died within two months. Patients with HIV and cervical cancer may present with a more aggressive course of disease. Aggressive treatment and closer follow-up may be indicated.
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PMID:Extensive subcutaneous metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in patient with HIV. 1476 50

Characteristics of multicentric hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) remain obscure. We therefore aimed to clarify them and compare them with HCC with intrahepatic metastases. A series of 118 patients who had definite hepatitis C viral status and multinodular HCC were divided into two groups: a multicentric occurrence (MO) group (n = 38), with multicentric HCCs; and an intrahepatic metastasis (IM) group (n = 80), with HCC having intrahepatic metastases. Clinicopathologic variables, including the patient's survival and disease-free survival rates, were compared between the MO and IM groups. Univariate analysis revealed the presence of esophageal varices, the presence of hepatitis C virus infection, a platelet count of less than 10 x 10(4)/microliter, hepaplastin test, gamma-globulin, the histologically active hepatitis, tumor size, des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin > 0.1 AU/ml, positive portal vein invasion, and histologic grade as discriminating factors. The MO score to differentiate multicentric HCCs from intrahepatic metastatic HCCs was determined using the following four independent factors selected by a stepwise regression analysis: the presence of hepatitis C virus infection, a platelet count of less than 10 x 10(4)/microliter, tumor size, and histologic grade. The sensitivity and specificity of the MO scores using those factors were 84% and 70%, respectively, when the cutoff value was 0.4. The disease-free survival rate in the MO group was similar to that in the IM group, whereas the survival rate in the MO group was significantly better than that in the IM group. The multivariate analysis revealed the multicentric occurrence of HCC as one of the independent prognostic factors. Clinicopathologic factors differentiating multicentric HCCs from intrahepatic metastatic HCCs were the presence of hepatitis C virus infection, a platelet count of less than 10 x 10(4)/microliter, small tumor size, and low histologic grade.
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PMID:Characteristics of multicentric hepatocellular carcinomas: comparison with intrahepatic metastasis. 1157 81

Oncolytic herpesviruses have significant antitumoral effects in animal models when delivered directly to established tumors. Lymphatic metastases are a common occurrence for many tumor types. This study investigates the potential of an attenuated, replication-competent, oncolytic herpes simplex virus (NV1023) both to treat a primary tumor by direct injection and to travel through the lymphatic system to treat metastatic tumor within the lymph nodes draining lymph from the site of primary cancer. Isosulfan blue dye was injected into murine auricles to determine normal lymphatic drainage patterns and demonstrated consistent blue staining of a group of ipsilateral cervical lymph nodes. Auricular injections of NV1023 resulted in viral transit to these lymph nodes as measured by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside histochemistry and viral plaque assay. An oncolytic herpesvirus (NV1066) expressing green fluorescent protein also demonstrated viral transit from the auricle to the cervical lymph nodes on fluorescence microscopy. Using the SCC VII cell line, a novel murine model of auricular squamous cell carcinoma was developed with an approximately 20% incidence of cervical lymph node metastases. Delivery of NV1023 or NV1066 to the surgical beds after excision of auricular SCC VII tumors resulted in successful viral infection of metastatic SCC VII cells within the cervical lymph nodes. After a 7-week follow-up, significantly enhanced locoregional control (p < 0.05, Fisher exact test) and disease-free survival (p < 0.05, log rank test) were evident with NV1023 treatment. This study demonstrates that the delivery of an oncolytic herpesvirus to a primary tumor site after surgical excision may have a significant impact on reducing both primary site recurrence and regional nodal metastases.
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PMID:Oncolytic herpesvirus effectively treats murine squamous cell carcinoma and spreads by natural lymphatics to treat sites of lymphatic metastases. 1213 74

Worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly solid cancers. At least one million new patients are diagnosed annually with this cancer. Incidence in non-Western countries is related to infections of hepatitis B virus and dietary ingestion of aflatoxins, whereas in Western countries alcohol-related cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis C virus infection are leading causes of HCC. In the United States, approximately 155,000 new cases of cancer of the liver and bile duct occur annually, with the majority being colorectal metastases.
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PMID:Radiofrequency ablation of primary and metastatic liver tumors. 1238 70

Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats, an inbred mutant strain which accumulates copper due to an aberrant copper-transporting ATPase gene, develop acute hepatitis, chronic liver injury and liver tumors as a result of copper-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Curcumin, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, has shown anticancer properties in many rodent models. We investigated the modulating role of curcumin in liver and kidney carcinogenesis in LEC rats. Two groups of 4-week-old LEC rats (n = 60 each) were fed either a standard diet (control) or received 0.5% curcumin in the diet for life. In untreated LEC rats, the rate of acute liver failure, the incidence of liver tumors and of kidney tumors were 32, 100 and 10% respectively, which was not altered by curcumin treatment. However, curcumin reduced tumor incidence at other organ sites (15% versus 0%; P = 0.025) and suppressed formation of metastases (18% versus 0%; P = 0.01). Median survival time was decreased from 88.7 to 78.1 weeks in curcumin-treated rats (P = 0.002). The lack of chemoprevention of liver and kidney tumors in LEC rats by curcumin may be caused by enhanced toxicity and oxidative stress due to excess copper. We conclude that curcumin should be contra-indicated for patients suffering from inherited and acquired metal storage diseases that include patients with hepatitis C virus infection.
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PMID:No prevention of liver and kidney tumors in Long-Evans Cinnamon rats by dietary curcumin, but inhibition at other sites and of metastases. 1262 10

We herein report the histopathological findings of the temporal bone taken from a patient with unilateral profound deafness since early childhood. The patient was a 72-year-old male who died of lung cancer and extensive metastases including the tongue. The patient had a history of profound hearing loss in his left ear since childhood. The histopathological finding of the left temporal bone revealed a severe atrophy of the organ of Corti, a detached and rolled-up tectorial membrane, a moderate loss of the stria vascularis, and a severe loss of spiral ganglion cells. In addition, the macula of the saccule was severely degenerated. The marked degeneration in the inner ear indicated a cochleosaccular disorder, which is a typical temporal bone finding in cases of viral labyrinthitis and hereditary hearing impairment. The present patient was suspected to have suffered cochleosaccular degeneration as a result of an inner ear viral infection during childhood because the number of spiral ganglion cells was significantly reduced because of secondary neural degeneration.
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PMID:[Temporal bone histopathology exhibiting cochleosaccular degeneration in a patient with profound deafness]. 1510 45


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