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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To establish a tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification of thymoma, 207 thymoma patients seen at the First Department of Surgery, Osaka University, and the Second Department of Surgery, Nagoya City University, were evaluated. Lymphogenous and hematogenous metastases of thymoma were infrequent, but their frequency increased with the duration of the course. Lymphogenous metastasis was observed in few cases, but it was considered to progress from anterior mediastinal lymph nodes to intrathoracic and then to extrathoracic lymph nodes. No particular characteristics were observed in hematogenous metastasis. On the basis of these observations, a TNM classification of thymoma was established and applied it to 207 thymoma cases, but it had little advantage over conventional clinical staging. High percentages of thymic carcinomas and thymic carcinoids were in Stage IVB, and the TNM classification of these tumors was considered to be more useful.
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PMID:A tentative tumor-node-metastasis classification of thymoma. 191 46

Fifteen patients (median age 55 years; range 23-69 years) with macroscopic invasive thymoma or thymic carcinoma were treated at Groote Schuur Hospital between 1969 and 1988. Stage 3 (macroscopically invasive) disease was present in 12 patients (80%) and stage 4 (metastatic disease) in 3 (20%). Ten of the patients with stage 3 disease were treated by combined surgery and full-dose mediastinal irradiation; in 2 resection was not possible and they were treated with irradiation alone. One of the patients with stage 3 disease developed progressive thymoma (median follow-up 74 months). This patient and 2 others died; 1 from mediastinitis after surgery for thymic carcinoma and 1 of unrelated disease. Both patients treated by irradiation alone were free of disease at follow-up. In the patients with stage 3 disease, the relapse rate was 8% (crude) and the 5-year disease-free survival rate 86% (life table). The patients with stage 4 disease received cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, which was combined with further irradiation and debulking surgery in 2 of the 3 cases. These patients died of malignant disease at between 5 and 42 months, although 1 had a temporary response to chemotherapy. Tumour extent is the most important prognostic factor in these patients. A multidisciplinary approach to therapy is required.
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PMID:Management of invasive thymoma at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. 201

A fine-needle aspirate from a hepatic mass in a 65-year-old white man was examined. The patient had a history of histologically confirmed thymoma with metastases in multiple thoracic sites. The smears showed a dimorphic population of epithelial cells and lymphocytes, characteristic of thymoma. The resemblance of the cytologic pattern to the primary neoplasm and positive reactivity with various immunohistochemical agents peculiar to thymomas confirmed the diagnosis. Aspiration cytology has been described in the diagnosis of primary thymoma. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of a cytologic diagnosis of metastatic thymoma and the first one with immunohistochemical studies.
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PMID:Extrathoracic metastatic malignant thymoma. Diagnosis by aspiration cytology. 201 3

Malignant epithelial thymomas are slowly growing anterior mediastinal tumors. Local invasion and intrathoracic spread are not uncommon. Evidence of extrathoracic metastases are found in up to 15% of patients, most commonly in the liver, kidney, and bone. Almost all reports of thymoma metastases to bone have described purely lytic lesions. Once extrathoracic metastatic deposits are discovered, the mean extent of survival is 18 months. A case of a malignant epithelial thymoma in a young woman with diffuse sclerotic metastases to bone is reported. This case is remarkable not only for the presence and extent of the osteoblastic metastases but also for the fact that this woman lived for 6 years following the discovery of the extrathoracic bone involvement.
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PMID:Case report 657: Malignant epithelial thymoma with osteoplastic metastases. 202 Aug 63

A number of rare tumors occurring in the soft tissues of the neck and the thyroid gland, reported in the literature under a variety of designations, show complete to partial histologic resemblance to the fetal, mature, or involuted thymus and mediastinal thymomas. This family of tumors spans a range of histologic appearances and behaviors from completely benign lesions to metastasizing malignant tumors. After reviewing the previously reported and new cases, we have been able to delineate four reasonably well-defined clinicopathologic entities within this spectrum. On the benign end is "ectopic hamartomatous thymoma," which occurs in the soft tissues of the lower neck. It is characterized by spindle epithelial cells, solid or cystic epithelial islands, and adipose cells which intermingle haphazardly to impart a hamartomatous quality. In the middle of the spectrum are the ectopic cervical thymomas which are usually benign, but can sometimes be locally invasive and can exceptionally metastasize. They are histologically identical to mediastinal thymomas, and residual ectopic thymus is not uncommonly identifiable in the periphery of the tumor. On the malignant end are tumors we have designated as "spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation" (SETTLE) and "carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation" (CASTLE). Tumors of the SETTLE type occur in the thyroid gland of young patients, and are highly cellular tumors comprised of compact bundles of long spindle epithelial cells which merge with tubulopapillary structures and/or mucinous glands. Tumors of the CASTLE type are histologically similar to thymic carcinoma of the lymphoepithelioma or squamous cell variety. We postulate that this family of tumors arises either from ectopic thymus or remnants of branchial pouches which retain the potential to differentiate along the thymic line.
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PMID:Tumors of the neck showing thymic or related branchial pouch differentiation: a unifying concept. 205 Mar 69

This paper reports a case of an histological non aggressive thymoma with myasthenic symptoms as the first clinical manifestation. Three years after its complete surgical resection liver metastases appeared without evidence of intrathoracic neoplastic disease. The extrathoracic metastases are uncommon and the thymomatous myasthenia gravis is present in 25 to 50% of cases. We reviewed the literature and analyzed its clinical pathological characteristics and therapeutics approach.
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PMID:[Malignant thymoma with myasthenia gravis and hepatic metastasis. Report of a case and review of the literature]. 215 12

A syngeneic model system for the study of metastases is described. The system consisted of 2 lymphoma clones (A/63-I and A/63-2) derived from a single thymoma (A/63) induced by a wild-type Abelson-Moloney viral complex. Phenotype and genotype analyses revealed that both clones were derived from transformation of early T-cell precursors. An in vivo study of the colonizing potential following intravenous (i.v.) injection of clones showed that only the A/63-I cell clone colonized the liver. This observation was confirmed by quantitative analysis of organ distribution of both cell clones consecutive to i.v. injection of 125IUdR-labelled cells. In the same way, an in vitro study of the invasive potential of both clones was performed on frozen liver sections and showed that only the A/63-I cell clone had the ability to attach to liver. This specific adhesion was inhibited by L-fucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (D-GalNAc) and with D-galactose- and L-fucose-containing neoglycoproteins. Differences in cell surface carbohydrates of the 2 cell clones were detected using various lectins: peanut agglutinin (PNA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Aleuria aurantia (AAA) and Galactia tenuiflora agglutinins (GTA). A/63-I was found to react strongly with PNA, DBA and GTA, and the removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase treatment increased DBA and PNA receptor sites of A/63-2 as compared to A/63-I. The present data suggest that cell-surface GalNAc, galactosyl and fucosyl residues are responsible for the ability of the A/63-I cell clone to recognize liver tissue probably through binding to a Kupffer-cell-associated lectin.
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PMID:Fucose and galactose receptor and liver recognition by lymphoma cells. 215 78

Carcinoid tumors arising in the thymus are rare. Since Rosai and Higa in 1972 distinguished these neoplasms from thymomas, fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the world literature. In a 38-year review (1950 to 1988) of surgically treated thymic tumors at Henry Ford Hospital, only 7 cases of thymic carcinoids were identified. These 6 men and 1 woman ranged in age from 27 to 70 years (mean, 48 years) at diagnosis. Follow-up was available in all patients with the longest survival being 12 years in 2 patients, and the shortest, 1 year, in 1. Recurrences and/or metastases developed in 4 of 7 patients between 1 and 9 years after initial resection. Recurrences were treated by reexcision in addition to radiation treatment and chemotherapy in 3 patients and reexcision with radiation treatment alone in 1 patient. A review of the literature along with our experience suggests that thymic carcinoids have a biological behavior distinct from thymoma in terms of cell origin, associated syndromes, neoplastic behavior, and prognosis. An aggressive surgical approach with complete initial excision of the tumor and of subsequent recurrences, along with radiation and probably chemotherapy, is the best available treatment today.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumors of the thymus. 216 61

The authors report an immunohistologic study of primary thymomas from 23 cases with myasthenia gravis (MG) and 7 without. Typical T6+ cortical thymocytes were usually abundant. Most epithelial cells initially appeared to be of cortical type, too, though many bore subcapsular markers in most samples. However, two-color immunofluorescence revealed unexpected heterogeneity, numerous epithelial cells simultaneously expressing some or all of the markers of both these subsets (even in two pleural metastases). It is inferred that there is a common tumor stem cell whose normal counterpart may be related to the rare patches of similar phenotype in the cortex in control samples. The authors could detect no major differences in 5 of 7 samples from nonmyasthenics; thus, most thymoma cases may risk the development of MG. Finally, thymomas from 6 of 7 further MG cases pretreated with corticosteroids showed very few cortical thymocytes, and the (phenotypically similar) epithelium was more obvious.
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PMID:Myasthenic and nonmyasthenic thymoma. An expansion of a minor cortical epithelial cell subset? 243 39

The authors report on combination chemotherapy in 22 patients (seven men, 15 women; age 20-67, median 38.5 years) with incompletely resected invasive thymoma. Twelve of 22 patients have had prior radiotherapy of the tumor (four of 12 local failure, eight of 12 remote metastases). By subsequent chemotherapy five of 12 obtained complete remission (CR). One of them died by relapsed tumor, another by an intercurrent infection. At 5 years after diagnosis the survival rate of the 12/22 patients was 33% (Kaplan-Meier). Ten of 22 patients received chemotherapy as primary treatment of incompletely resected thymoma. Four of 10 obtained CR. One of them was lost during follow-up, the others received adjuvant irradiation of the mediastinum and are free of disease. Two of ten obtained partial remission (PR), but relapsed within 6 months after chemotherapy. At 3 years after diagnosis the survival rate of the 10/22 patients was 34%. Thirteen of 22 patients received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or CHOP/bleomycin as first chemotherapeutic regimen. Five of them achieved CR. Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) or COP plus procarbazine (COPP) was administered to six of 22. Three of them obtained a CR and one a PR. In an alternating manner COPP and Einhorn regimens were given to two of 22, one of which had a CR. In one of 22 the doxorubicin, bleomycin, cisplatin, prednisone (BAPP) regimen was followed by a PR. The authors conclude that combination chemotherapy is effective in the first-line postsurgical treatment of incompletely resected thymoma and also in the treatment of local or metastatic relapses after radiotherapy.
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PMID:Chemotherapy of invasive thymoma. A retrospective study of 22 cases. 246 48


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