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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many species of nonhuman primates have been employed to find parasite-definitive host combinations which would allow for investigations on different aspects of schistosomiasis haematobia. Gibbons (Hylobates lar), exposed to moderate numbers of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae, have demonstrated some of the basic features of schistosomiasis haematobia in man. Calcification in schistosomiasis haematobia is variable. Radiologically evident calcification of the bladder was noted in one gibbon. Radio-opaque areas in the bladder corresponded to dense deposits of calcified eggs observed on histological examination. Thus, it seems, bladder calcification, thought to be a later complication of schistosomiasis, can develop fairly rapidly. One of two gibbons killed 11 months after infection had small papillary transitional cell tumours in both ureters. The other had papillary transitional cell tumours covering most of the urinary bladder surface. No invasion of muscle by tumour was present and no metastases were seen.
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PMID:Calcification of the bladder and papillary tumours of the bladder and ureters in gibbons (Hylobates lar) infected with Schistosoma haematobium (Iran). 82 19

This paper presents a 10-year experience on the examination of surgical specimens of colorectal carcinomas in Nigerians. Colorectal carcinomas were found to constitute about 80% of all cases of large bowel malignancy. The Male: Female ratio was 2.28:2. Most of the cases (65.9%) were 50 years or younger and the peak incidence was in the 41-50 year age group. The site distribution in order of frequency was recto-sigmoid area (57.3%), descending colon (23.2%), caecum (12.2%) ascending colon and transverse colon 3.7% each. Seventy-three percent of the tumours were well differentiated adenocarcinomas while 15.9% were poorly differentiated. Mucinous carcinoma and signet ring carcinoma were found in 7.3% and 3.7% respectively. There was colonic metastasis in 54.9% of cases and 20.8% had distant metastases at initial surgery. Associated lesions were villous adenoma, 24.4%, Tubular adenoma-17.1%, amoebiasis 6.1% and schistosomiasis, 3.7%. The above observations together with those of previous authors suggests a difference in the biology of colorectal carcinomas in the tropics. The association with chronic granulomatous diseases, in particular, may be indicative of an entirely different oncogenic mechanism in their development in the tropics.
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PMID:The surgical pathology of colorectal carcinomas in Nigerians. 141 1

Salmonellae have demonstrated an extraordinary capacity to adapt to a wide range of ecologic niches and to the peculiarities of modern society, such as the mass production of food products. The vast majority of infections in the United States are caused by serotypes not specifically adapted to human or animal hosts, whereas the most frequent isolate in developing countries is S. typhi, which is highly adapted to human hosts. The number of isolates reported in the United States has been increasing steadily since 1975, largely a result of outbreaks associated with the mass production of food products, particularly poultry, which is frequently contaminated. Salmonella infection occurs when ingested organisms bypass gastric defenses, multiply within the intestinal lumen, penetrate the intestinal mucosa, and multiply within macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. They may then disseminate via the systemic circulation. Several virulence factors have been identified. The wide range of pathologic and clinical manifestations are subdivided into four syndromes, each requiring a distinct diagnostic and therapeutic approach: (1) gastroenteritis, (2) enteric fever, (3) bacteremia with or without metastatic disease, and (4) asymptomatic carriage. Although any serotype can cause any of these syndromes, certain serotypes are associated with specific presentations. Serious complications of bacteremic infection include infections of the aorta, endocardium, bone, and meninges. Salmonella infection is particularly severe in patients who have AIDS, leukemia, lymphoma, immunodeficiency of other causes, inflammatory bowel disease, schistosomiasis, and macrophage dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on culture of the organism from appropriate sites. Several serologic tests have been developed that warrant further evaluation. Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole have clearly established efficacy. Experience with third generation cephalosporins and quinolones is preliminary and fragmentary, but results suggest that they may prove to be efficacious in certain clinical circumstances. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem in certain geographic areas. The three vaccines for S. typhi that are currently in use internationally provide only moderate protection for short periods of time.
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PMID:The spectrum of Salmonella infection. 307 16

The role of ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and radioisotopic scanning in the staging of bilharzial bladder cancer has not been reported previously. Forty patients with invasive bladder cancer seen at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre between January 1978 and June 1981 underwent complete preoperative workup for staging of their tumors prior to radical cystectomy. The preoperative radiologic investigations included excretory urography (IVP), ultrasonography (US), CT of the pelvis, and liver and bone scans. The results of these investigations were compared with the operative and pathologic staging. Ninety-three percent of the patients with bilharzial cancer had evidence of ureteric obstruction on IVP compared with 22% of the nonbilharzial cancer patients. The presence of ureteric obstruction in these patients did not correlate with the stage of the disease with 83% of the patients with superficial tumors (T1 and T2) having hydroureteronephrosis. Ultrasonography and CT had an 83% accuracy in the staging of superficial tumors. Stage T3 tumors were understaged in 14% of the cases. Ultrasonography did not differentiate Stages T3 and T4 tumors while CT scan differentiated these two stages in 57% of the cases. Bone scan failed to reveal evidence of metastatic disease in any of the bilharzial cancer patients. Liver scan was suspicious for liver metastases in two patients with bilharzial cancers in whom open liver biopsy revealed only hepatic bilharziasis. Of all the radiographic studies, US or preferably CT scan seem to be of some value in the staging of bilharzial tumors localized to the bladder. Bone and liver scans are probably of no cost effective benefit.
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PMID:Predictive value of excretory urography, ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and liver and bone scan in the staging of bilharzial bladder cancer in Saudi Arabia. 623 95

This review covers the following aspects: Cancer associated with asbestos and other fibers: Epidemiology. - Cancer types and location (mesothelioma; bronchogenic carcinoma; cancer of the upper respiratory tract; abdominal cancer). - Experimental asbestos cancer. - Other kinds of fibers and cancer (wool and cotton; glass; talc; others). - Cancer determining or influencing factors (individual predisposition; species susceptibility; type of material; shape and size of fibers; smoking). - Preneoplastic signs in man (fibrosis; ferruginous bodies; pleural plaques; milky spots). - Preneoplastic development in animals. - Fiber effects on cell cultures (macrophages; fibroblasts). Cancer associated with schistosomiasis: Epidemiology. - Patient age and cancer latency. - Pathology. - Foreign body reaction and preneoplastic development. Scar cancer. Foreign body cancer: In man. - Experimental (species differences in susceptibility; individual genetic differences in tumor incidence and latency; influence of sex, age, nutrition; tumor histopathology and ultrastructure; tumor growth, invasiveness, metastases, transplantability, immunology; search for tumor viruses). - Properties of foreign body materials in relation to tumorigenicity (chemical and physical properties; size and shape; surface properties; porosity). - Investigations and findings concerning the origin of foreign body sarcomas (the foreign body reaction; search for foci of tumor origin; an analytical method; monoclonal tumor origin; heterogenicity of carcinogenic events; surface dependency; identification of originator cells; time and location of the emergence of tumor originator cells; the carcinogenic initiation event; surface-independent and dependent preneoplastic maturation; the carcinogenic role of the foreign body). - Earlier hypotheses and theories in the light of new experimental findings. The results of experimental foreign body tumorigenesis in relation to foreign body-, asbestos-, schistosomiasis-, and scar-cancer in man. (Common factors of promotion; differences regarding induction mechanisms, cells of origin, latencies, frequencies; immune defense). Consequences for prevention: Asbestos cancer. - Fiber cancer. - Schistosomiasis cancer. - Foreign body cancer (assessing the peril in man; testing of materials for carcinogenicity; recommendations).
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PMID:[Investigations and review of literature relating to carcinogenesis. I. Communication: Cancer from asbestos, schistosomiasis, and cicatrization (author's transl)]. 700 8

Background: Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in Egypt and other developing countries in which infection with Schistosoma haematobium is prevalent. Bladder cancer caused by bilharziasis has different clinical and biological characters than that observed in the western world. In this study, we used the TRAP technique to estimate telomerase activity in bilharzial bladder cancer specimens and we correlated the findings with other clinical and pathological findings. Patients and methods: Bladder cancer specimens were obtained from 57 patients who underwent radical cystectomy and pathological diagnosis was obtained in all patients. Tissue samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 degrees C. Telomerase activity by PCR-ELISA technique was measured using TRAP technique. Results: Our patient group included 45 males and 12 females with a median age of 49 years. The majority of our patients (35/57) have squamous histology and they have proven bilharzial history shown in the pathology specimens. Stage P3b was encountered in 29/57 patients whereas thirty-five patients have grade II tumors. The majority of our patients (41/57) were negative for pelvic nodes metastases. Telomerase activity was detected in 27/57 patients (47.4%). The mean level of telomerase was 0.85+/-0.77 in positive patients and 0.029+/-0.025 in negative patients. The expression of telomerase and its mean level in patients above age of 60, in males and in those with squamous pathology, higher grade of tumors or positive node was higher than those without but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). Alternatively, expression was significantly higher in those with stages (P1-P3a) compared with P3b-P4a disease stages (66.6% vs. 37.1, P=0.03). Conclusion: Telomerase activity is increased in bilharzial bladder cancer although to a lesser degree than that reported for TCC in the western world, which could be explained, by different biological behavior or different assay methods. Further larger studies with more number of patients are still needed to determine its potential value for early detection and possible use as a therapeutic target.
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PMID:Telomerase activity in bilharzial bladder cancer. Prognostic implications. 1141 21

The authors report two cases of papillomatous squamous carcinoma of the bladder unrelated to schistosomiasis. Both patients were treated by endoscopic resection. The staging assessment comprised thoraco-abdominopelvic computed tomography. A papillomatous squamous carcinoma of the bladder was detected in both cases: one was classified as pT2 G1 N0 M0 and the other as pT1 G1 N0 M0. Recurrence was rapidly observed, at the first follow-up cystoscopy. The tumour initially classified as pT1 subsequently underwent transformation to sarcomatoid carcinoma with peritoneal metastases. Papillomatous squamous carcinoma of the bladder, a rare squamous cell carcinoma, is a well differentiated tumour with an exclusively local and regional development. The prognosis is determined by the degree of tumour invasion, with a high local recurrence rate. The prognosis of invasive tumours is identical to that of conventional squamous cell carcinoma. Therapeutic management is poorly defined, but the only curative treatment appears to be radical cystectomy.
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PMID:[Verrucous epidermoid carcinoma of the bladder unrelated to schistosomiasis]. 1176 95

Laparoscopic surgery is now a common procedure for the cure of appendicitis. Unexpected other laparoscopic findings can be a diagnostic challenge. The authors present a case in which, in addition to typical appendicitis, multiple whitish nodules were found diffusely on the peritoneal surfaces suggesting a differential diagnosis including miliary tuberculosis and carcinoma metastases. The final diagnosis of schistosomiasis, made by histology and serology, had not been suspected. This uncommon and rare presentation deserves to be reported, especially to physicians of nonendemic areas, in an era in which people travel extensively.
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PMID:Peritoneal schistosomiasis: an unusual laparoscopic finding. 1506 45

Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, though uncommon in Europe and the United States, is the most common variety of bladder tumor in countries where urinary bilharziasis prevails. A great controversy still exists regarding its natural history and management. Here, we review the literature of bilharzial and nonbilharzial squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, focusing on large series. Our aim was to gather most of the published data about this disease entity, report it in a systematic comparative review, and attempt to identify the adverse features and variables behind its dismal outcome. The conclusions are that squamous cell carcinoma, whether bilharzial or nonbilharzial, has distinctive clinicopathological features, different from those of the transitional cell variety. These tumors usually present in advanced (muscle-invasive) stages. Pelvic nodal metastases are not common, and the incidence of distant metastases is less than that reported with transitional cell carcinoma. Local treatment, including cystectomy and adjunctive radiotherapy, is the most acceptable way of treating such tumors.
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PMID:Squamous cell carcinoma of the bilharzial and non-bilharzial urinary bladder: a review of etiological features, natural history, and management. 1572 96

Accurate epidemiological data about the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer are unavailable for most African countries. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder is probably less common in rural African regions than in industrialized countries, due to lower levels of exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. In areas with endemic schistosomiasis (bilharzia) caused by parasitic schistosomes (blood flukes), most bladder cancer cases are comprised of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, with increased urbanization, industrialization, and cigarette smoking in many African countries, there is an increasing incidence of TCC relative to SCC of the bladder. SCC of the bladder presents in patients who are on average 10 to 20 years younger than those with TCC. In Egypt and other North African countries, SCC is more common in men (the male to female ratio ranges from 3:1 to 5:1), probably because boys and men performing agricultural work are more exposed to schistosomiasis-infested water. In some sub-Saharan countries, SCC of the bladder is equally common in men and women, probably due to equal schistosomiasis exposure of girls and boys, and because women obtain household water and perform most agricultural tasks. Although SCC of the bladder often presents at a locally advanced stage, the tumors are usually well differentiated, with a relatively low incidence of lymphatic and hematogenous metastases. Patients with localized SCC are ideal candidates for cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder construction, because they are relatively young and healthy, and there is no risk of urethral recurrence, unlike with TCC. Unfortunately, many patients in Africa still present with advanced and inoperable bladder cancer, and many do not have access to healthcare facilities that can provide a cure and a good quality of life by means of radical cystectomy and neobladder construction.
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PMID:Bladder cancer in Africa. 1830 1


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