Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the nervous system are rare neurologic syndromes caused by cancer but not ascribable to metastases. Any portion of the nervous system may be involved in a paraneoplastic syndrome. The pathogenesis of these disorders appears to be an immune reaction against antigens shared by the cancer and the nervous system. Some disorders, such as the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, are effectively treated by removal of autoantibodies directed against the presynaptic cholinergic synapse. In other disorders, such as paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration or paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy, neither removal of the autoantibody nor treatment of the cancer is effective.
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PMID:Paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the central nervous system. 904 52

A case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of soft tissues of the right scapula associated with transitory hepatic dysfunction in the absence of liver metastases is reported. After primary radiation therapy, the patient manifested fever, anemia, thrombocytosis and hepatic dysfunction. All the abnormalities disappeared immediately after complete removal of the tumor. The patient was well, with no evidence of distant metastases, at more than 12 months later. It is concluded that the abnormalities of laboratory data were indirectly induced by the tumor, although the exact mechanism of this paraneoplastic syndrome was not clarified.
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PMID:Soft tissues sarcoma with acute paraneoplastic hepatic dysfunction: case report. 906 34

Renal Cell Carcinoma is the third most common malignoma in urology. Only little is known about the etiology and risk factors; the age peak lies at 60 and twice as many men than women are affected. The clinical picture presents with a wide spectrum. Over one third of all tumours are detected accidentally by ultrasound or computed tomography in asymptomatic patients. Most common symptoms are hematuria and flank pain, the classical trials including in addition a palpable mass is rare and by mo means an early symptom. Paraneoplastic syndromes include unspecific (increased blood sedimentation rate, weight loss, fever) and endocrine symptoms (hypertension, polyglobulia, hypercalcemia). Diagnosis is based on imaging procedures. By means of sonography renal cysts may be separated from solid, space-occupying tumors. For the latter CT plays a decisive role for staging, therapeutic planning and prognosis. Further radiologic investigations (angiography, MRI) are indicated only in special situations. Rarely a biopsy is necessary for the distinction between renal cell carcinoma and metastases of other primary tumors. The only curative treatment of localized carcinoma is radical nephrectomy. Partial resection is indicated in cases of a single kidney, bilateral tumors and possibly also for tumors smaller than 4 cm in diameter. Radiotherapy is only initiated for palliation of painful skeletal metastases. In case of distant metastases--mainly pulmonary--nephrectomy should only be performed if systemic treatment is planned or if local complaints (pain, hematuria leading to anemia) exist. Chemotherapeutic drugs have no influence on survival. The effect of gestagens on life quality is questionable. Adoptive immunotherapy with cytokines (Interferon-alpha, interleukin-2) appears most promising. These substances, however, not yet been introduced into routine therapy should only be used in prospective studies. Furthermore, renal cell carcinoma is a potential candidate for gene therapy. After tumor nephrectomy follow-up investigations should be performed twice a year, because of the possibility of curative surgical treatment of late solid metastases. Prognosis of tumors restricted to the organ is good. Five year survival after operation is about 90%. However, is distant metastases exist already at the time of diagnosis 5 year survival drops to less than 10%.
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PMID:[Renal cell carcinoma--a current review]. 931 11

In a minority of patients with malignant tumors, signs and symptoms develop that cannot be explained on the basis of the mass effect produced by the primary tumor or its metastases, or production of a hormone normally associated with the tissue type that has given rise to the malignant tumor; these peculiar symptom complexes are known as paraneoplastic syndromes, and may be divided into endocrinologic, dermatologic, hematologic, neurologic, and osteoarticular manifestations. In the head and neck region in particular, the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone production (SIADH, or Schwartz-Bartter syndrome) is a well-recognized form of paraneoplastic syndrome that may accompany head and neck malignancies. Most of such tumors are squamous carcinomas, with lesser numbers of olfactory neuroblastomas, small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, and undifferentiated carcinomas; sarcoma was reported in only a single instance. The lesions associated with the development of SIADH have most often been located in the oral cavity, and less often in the larynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, parapharyngeal space, salivary glands, and oropharynx. Key features of SIADH include serum hypo-osmolality; an unexpectedly high urinary specific gravity; an absence of edema or dehydration; normal adrenal, thyroid, and renal function; hyponatremia; and an elevation of plasma vasopressin.
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PMID:Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion associated with head neck cancers: review of the literature. 934 88

Seventeen dogs with mast cell tumours received chemotherapy. Fifteen dogs were treated with a vincristine, cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea, and prednisolone (VCHP) regimen. Seven of these were later switched to doxyrubicin and prednisolone either because they stopped responding or because they did not respond from the start of the treatment. Two dogs received the latter regimen as the primary therapy. All dogs were treated with cimitidine and metoclopramide to minimize the effect of paraneoplastic syndrome associated with histamine release. Ten of the 17 dogs were found to respond (4/17 complete response (CR), 6/17 partial response (PR)). Response duration varied from 39 to 910 days (median 53 days), including 3 dogs with a CR that lasted more than 2 years. Survival time in responders varied from 41 to 910 days (median 97 days) and from 30 to 126 (median 39) in the other 7 dogs. Dogs that became refractory to VCHP did not respond to doxyrubicin and prednisolone. It is concluded that multi-agent chemotherapy has anti-tumour activity in a considerable proportion of dogs with mast cell tumours, but its efficacy is variable. The multivariate analyses showed that significant factors predicting survival in dogs with mast cell tumours were sex (P = 0.009), absence or presence of non-abdominal distant metastases, or abdominal metastases, respectively (P = 0.023), and malignancy grade of the tumours (P = 0.053).
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PMID:Multi-agent chemotherapy for mast cell tumours in the dog. 947 33

We report a case of moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma arising in the left pyriform sinus and arytenoid of a 68-year-old man. The tumor was diagnosed initially as a poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma, but after surgery it gave rise to multiple painful skin metastases and a paraneoplastic syndrome. Immunocytochemical staining yielded the correct diagnosis. The patient, who had microscopic cervical lymph node metastases at the initial resection, died 13 months later, thus confirming the poor prognosis of these tumors.
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PMID:[Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx]. 952 39

Evidence of a paraneoplastic syndrome is established in 21/63 patients (33.3 per cent) presenting upper urinary tract tumors. It becomes manifest 2-5 months before diagnosing the basic malignant disease. Subfebrility and anemia are the commonest paraneoplastic symptoms, clinically expressed in 15.87 per cent of cases. As the result of radical treatment, this symptomatology disappears within 10 days to two months after resorting to radical surgery. The paraneoplastic syndrome may be interpreted as a clinical "tumor marker;, indicating whether or not the treatment is radical, or the occurrence of a relapse and metastases may be anticipated.
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PMID:[A paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with a carcinoma of the upper urinary tract]. 973 50

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx have been divided into those of epithelial or neural origin. The latter consist of paragangliomas while the epithelial origin group can be divided into the typical and atypical carcinoids and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomata, the latter consisting of the oat cell type, the intermediate cell type and the combined cell type. There are now over 500 cases of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx in the literature. The diagnosis is primarily based on light microscopy, and, in some instances, it may be supported by special histochemical studies. It should be confirmed by immunocytochemical and/or ultrastructural investigation. The different biological behaviour of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx makes a specific diagnosis of paramount importance, since treatment depends on diagnostic accuracy. Typical carcinoid is an extremely rare lesion. It is treated preferably by conservative surgery; elective neck dissection is not necessary because of the lack of lymph node metastases at diagnosis. Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy have not been effective in the limited number of patients treated thus far. Prognosis is excellent with cure following surgery. Atypical carcinoid is the most frequent non-squamous carcinoma of the larynx. The mainstay of treatment is surgery. Elective neck dissection should be performed because of the high likelihood of cervical lymph node metastases. Primary radiation therapy with adjuvant chemotherapy is not indicated. The survival rate is 48 per cent at five years and 30 per cent at 10 years. Although the larynx is one of its most common extrapulmonary sites, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is still a rare tumour. Surgical results for this tumour have been disappointing and is reserved for cases of local relapse with no evidence of metastasis. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy currently appear to offer the least disabling and most effective forms of therapy. The two- and five-year survival rates are 16 per cent and five per cent, respectively. Paraneoplastic syndromes have occasionally been reported in association with carcinoid tumours (typical and atypical) and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. There have been also rare reports of an elevated neuropeptide serum level. Paraganglioma is the only laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasm with a female preponderance (3:1). Confusion with atypical carcinoid has led to incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate classification schemes, erroneously suggesting that laryngeal paraganglioma has the potential for aggressive behaviour. Conservative surgery represents the treatment of choice; elective neck dissection is not necessary, and the prognosis is excellent.
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PMID:A review of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx: update on diagnosis and treatment. 987 71

Renal cell carcinoma is characterized by varied and sometimes obscure manifestations, which include unusual metastatic sites and paraneoplastic and vascular syndromes. In this review, uncommon metastatic sites and their clinical significance are discussed, particularly the thyroid, nasal structures, vagina, and gastrointestinal sites. Paraneoplastic syndromes appear to be related predominantly to cytokines or immunologic mechanisms. Vascular syndromes are related to the tendency of the tumor to spread by direct venous extension and to complications related to the vascularity of the tumor or its metastases. The recognition of unusual manifestations of renal cell carcinoma is important because these syndromes may lead to the diagnosis. Moreover, paraneoplastic syndromes and vascular findings may not indicate unresectability or incurability.
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PMID:Renal cell carcinoma: a paradigm of lanthanic disease. 1036 26

Paraneoplastic syndromes including leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and hypercalcemia are occasionally seen in patients suffering from progressive malignant disorders. Recent studies have revealed the production of several humoral factors by tumor cells and normal splenic cells of tumor-bearing patients to be the major cause of these reactions. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), parathyroid hormone-related peptide, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been implicated. We describe a 58-year-old Japanese man with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the left sole, which developed in a deep linear scar after a train crash. He developed pulmonary and lymph node metastases, then leukocytosis (57,110/mm3 with 95% neutrophilia), thrombocytosis (86.3 x 10(4)/mm3), and hypercalcemia (7.0 mEq/1), and finally cachexia, followed by death. Serum G-CSF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and TNF-beta were determined; revealing G-CSF and IL-1 beta levels were above the upper limits of their normal ranges at 39.2 pg/ml and 4.63 pg/ml, respectively. It is probable that these humoral factors were partially responsible for the paraneoplastic syndromes induced by the cutaneous SCC with metastasis in the present case.
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PMID:Paraneoplastic syndromes of leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and hypercalcemia associated with squamous cell carcinoma. 1040 79


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