Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

CEA is a beta1-glycoprotein (mol. w. approx. 200 000) which in embryonic life is usually found as a cell membrane associated antigen in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreas. Furthermore, it is secreted into body fluids. In healthy adults a very low serum concentration may be found. The clinical significance of CEA lies in its increased formation in primary and secondary adenocarcinomas of colon and rectum and pancreatic carcinoma, where values of 20 ng/ml and more are observed. However, other gastrointestinal (e.g. oesophagus, stomach, gall-bladder) and extragastrointestinal tumors (e.g. lung, breast, urogenital, prostatic, ovarial carcinomas) as well as non-malignant diseases mainly of the GI tract (e.g. hepatitis, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, colitis, diverticulitis) may provoke less frequent and lower increases in the CEA level. Healthy smokers also tend to show a slight increase in CEA concentration. A certain relationship exists between the CEA level and the size and extent of the tumor so that a decrease following operation may account for complete tumor removal, whereas a persistent or recurring increase in the CEA level is highly suspicious of metastases and/or recurrent tumor. Difficulties in proving and purifying CEA are mainly caused by multiple cross-reactions of CEA with other substances, e.g. blood group substances (A, B, Lea, Leb) and normal or other antigens (NGP, NCA, CEX, CCEA 2, NCA 2, CCA-III, FSA, BCGP). The radioimmunoassay is the most suitable method to determine CEA levels in body fluids. The 3 procedures used differ in the precipitation of the specific immune complex by ammonium sulphate (AS), Z-gel (ZG) or a second antibody (SA). Depending on the method, the upper normal limit in serum or plasma corresponds to approximately 2.5 (AS, ZG) or 12.5 (SA) nanogramme/milliliter. CEA determination in the urine is of interest in patients suffering from bladder carcinoma.
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PMID:[Carcinofetal antigens. II. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). (author's transl)]. 108 Feb 18

Ninety-four patients with carcinoma of the colon have been followed with serial determinations of plasma CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) levels over a 3-year period using the Hansen assay. Nine hundred twelve CEA determinations have been made in these patients. Plasma CEA levels rose in 90% of the instances of clinical progression documented in these patients. In 30% of patients, this rise indicated progression 6 months or more before it was detected by standard clinical methods. Unfortunately, a few patients never developed elevated CEA levels even though disease clearly progressed. False positive results have also been encountered, with significant elevations occurring in patients who have since remained without evidence of disease for several months. Our data indicate that at least two sequential elevated CEA values, the second being higher, must be a minimal criterion for consideration of possible progression of disease. Even with this standard, we have encountered false positive results in 10% of our patients, indicating recurrence or progression where none has occurred clinically. CEA measurement is of limited usefulness for 30 days after curative surgery, because the elevation of CEA levels due to the original amount of tumor present as well as due to surgery per se may persist for this length of time in a significant number of patients. On the other hand, CEA levels have responded to chemotherapy in close correlation with observed clinical course in those patients with metastatic disease treated in this series. Initial pretherapy CEA values have so far proved to be good prognostic indicators of disease course following complete resection. With an initial CEA value of less than 2.5 ng/ml of plasma, recurrent has been rare (1/20). If the pretreatment CEA was greater than 7.0 ng/ml, it has been the rule (7/9).
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PMID:CEA as a monitor of gastrointestinal malignancy. 111 49

Patients with breast carcinoma were screened for abnormal concentrations of CEA, HCG, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, pseudouridine, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine, and 1-methylinosine. Abnormal polyamine levels occurred in less than 15% of the patients. Among the nucleosides, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine was the most frequently abnormal, occurring in 57% of the patients with metastatic disease. CEA levels were abnormal in 30% of postoperative N+ patients and 74% of patients with metastatic disease, while HCG elevations were found in 45% and 50%, respectively. All the patients with one or more marker abnormalities could be detected by measuring only CEA, N2, N2-dimethylguanosine, and HCG. Among these three tests, a singular marker abnormality occurred in 35.8% of the patients, and all three tests were abnormal in 21.8% of the patients. The performance of these three tests in each patient revealed one or more abnormalities 97% of the patients with metastatic disease, and 67% of the postoperative N+ patients.
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PMID:Biological markers in breast carcinoma. I. Incidence of abnormalities of CEA, HCG, three polyamines, and three minor nucleosides. 111 2

Samples of tumor and normal mucosa from 32 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colorectum were examined for their capacity to bind radioiodinated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) lgG. Twenty-three (72%) of the tumors bound significantly more antibody than the respective normal mucosa. The results indicate that radiolabeled anti-CEA may be useful in the in vivo localization of CEA-producing tumors and metastases in man, and may have application in vitro as a diagnostic marker of precancerous change in colorectal biopsies from patients at risk of developing colorectal cancer.
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PMID:Radioiodinated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen: binding to normal and cancerous human colon in vitro. 115 17

A total of 190 patients being treated or followed up for urothelial carcinoma have been studied by the serial estimation of their urinary and plasma CEA levels. Only 46% of patients with a urothelial neoplasm present have a raised urinary CEA level. Infection or ileal conduit urine vitiate the result as they produce high CEA levels in the urine in the absence of any neoplastic disease. The accuracy of urinary CEA estimations is compared with that of cytology. Plasma CEA levels do not serve as a useful guide to the presence of extra-urinary tract tumour spread if taken as isolated readings. However, serial plasma CEA estimations may indicate that metastatic disease is present several months before its detection by the more usual clinical methods in a minority of patients.
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PMID:Urinary carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like molecules and urothelial malignancy: a clinical appraisal. 116 65

The relation of CEA plasma levels to prognostic factors was studied in 170 patients with various stages of colo-rectal cancer. Several parameters of known relevance for the prognosis were analyzed. Among the patients with involvement of regional lymph nodes at the time of the primary, 53% had a raised CEA value (greater than 5 ng/ml serum) as opposed to 21% when this was not the case (p less than 0.05%). When serosal break-through had occured, 47% of the patients had raised values compared to 21% of those with no serosal break-through (p less than 0.02%). After radical surgery, all patients who remained healthy acquired persistent low plasma CEA, giving the assay a prognostic value. Altogether 20 patients had local recurrences without distant metastases and were thus potential candidates for a re-operation for cure. 70% had raised CEA plasma values, giving the assay a better than expected usefulness in the clinical follow-up, the significance of the difference from operated and healthy patients or healthy control persons being high, p less than 0.001%. The secondary rise in CEA appeared to be unconnected with whether or not the primary tumor had been accompanied by raised plasma CEA. The localization and the histopathological differentiation of the primary tumor seemed to be of less importance for the serum CEA than the dissemination of the tumor.
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PMID:CEA levels at recurrence and metastases; importance for detecting secondary disease. 120 21

A comparative study of the reactivity of two monoclonal antibodies (MAb), NEO 723 (anti-CEA) and Leu M1 (CD15) was performed by immunocytochemistry on sixty five reactive effusions and sixty two neoplastic effusions, fifty eight due to metastases from carcinomas, two due to disseminations of sarcoma and two due to malignant mesotheliomas. The study of the expected reactivity of NEO 723 and the cross-reactivity of Leu M1 on exfoliated neoplastic cells in effusion fluids showed that the sensitivity of NEO 723 was superior to that of Leu M1 for the detection of carcinomatous metastases, as 78% reacted with NEO 723 versus 38% with Leu M1. Among the positive cases, the mean number of reactive cells was twice as high with NEO 723, while only three of the carcinomas no expressing CEA reacted with Leu M1. The study of the reactivity of benign and malignant mesothelial cells with these two antibodies also confirmed the absence of labelling of these cells. Thus, despite a good specificity for carcinoma, the combination of these two antibodies provides only a minor gain in diagnostic sensitivity (+5%) compared with the use of an anti-CEA antibody alone and a loss of sensitivity (-5%) compared with the combination of an anti-CEA and an anti-EMA antibodies. These results appear to justify the suppression of Leu M1 from the first panel of antibodies screening for carcinomatous cells in favour of a combination of anti-CEA and an anti-EMA antibodies. However, Leu M1 may be useful as a second-line test in order to define the primary tumour responsible for the effusion.
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PMID:[Comparative study of the expression of CEA and a myelomonocytic antigen (CD15) in serous effusions using two monoclonal antibodies NEO 723 and Leu M1]. 129 46

The monitoring of CEA is valuable in the follow-up after curative resection of colorectal cancer and contributes to the early detection of local recurrence and distant metastases. The simultaneous detection of the CA 19-9 does not lead to a substantial advantage. The recurrences and especially the metastases detected by the monitoring of the tumour markers frequently are unresectable. In patients with elevated tumour markers without other evidences of recurrence or metastases the indication for a second-look operation should be considered cautious because elevated tumour markers are found in patients with benign diseases also.
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PMID:[Significance of CEA and CA 19-9 for after care of curatively resected colorectal cancers]. 131 72

Two cell lines of human pancreatic cancer have been established, which can be successfully transplanted into pancreas of nude mice, the first of this kind of cell lines in China. Fresh specimens human of pancreatic cancer taken surgically were transplanted in the pancreas of pure line BALB/C-nu/nu nude mice. The transplanted tumours grew and reproduced successfully, and were named PINMP-1 and PINMP-2, respectively. So far, 9 generations of PINMP-1 and 6 generations of PINMP-2 were obtained. Their biological properties, ways of invasion and metastasis and morphological characteristics under light and electron microscope were studied. The results showed a 95%-100% transplanting success rate, with the success rate of transplanting from tissues revivified from the liquid nitrogen preservation being 100%. Both of the lines could produce large amount of CEA, and chromosome analysis confirmed that they had retained a karyotype of the human cancer cells. In nude mice transplanted with the tumours, metastasis could be found in the lymph nodes, lungs and livers. Metastasis via lymphatic channels and blood vessels were also demonstrated. The pathological and ultrastructural examination confirmed that the transplanted tumours had identical characteristics as their donor tumours. The transplanted cells grew independently in the pancreas of the nude mice, making a better model for study on tumour invasion and metastasis than subcutaneously transplanted tumours. This indicated that the microenvironment in the transplantation site had certain influence on the biological behavior of the transplanted tumours. The models could be used in the study on the invasion, metastasis and experimental therapy of pancreatic carcinomas.
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PMID:[Establishing orthotopic transplanted models of human pancreatic cancer in nude mice and study on their biological properties]. 133 84

The results of combined CA-19-9 CEA assay were measured in 216 cases of colorectal cancer. In 28 preoperative patients, the positive rate 16.67% in Dukes' A group, 25% in B, 55% in C and 40% in D. It was proved less valuable in early diagnosis. The positive CA-19-9 alone in 66 with relapsed or metastases out of 182 undergoing radical resection was 63.63%, CEA alone 62.12%, and combined assay 86.36%. The false positive rate of CA-19-9 and CEA was 6.03% and combined assay 11.21%. In 27 palliative resections CA-19-9 in 40.74% cases, CEA in 44.44%, and combined assay in 59.2% was positive. In cases of nonresectable tumors, the positive rate was 66.7%, 66.7% and 83.33%, respectively. There was no definite correlation between the value of CA-19-9 and CEA. The data showed significantly higher sensitivity in combined assay than in either CA-19-9 or CEA alone. Combined assay with the sensitivity of 86.36% and the specificity of 88.79%, was more useful in finding of postoperative. recurrences or metastases. We suggest that this method should be used routinely in monitoring postoperative patients with colorectal cancer.
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PMID:[Evaluation of combined CA-19-9 and CEA assay in monitoring recurrences and metastases of colorectal cancer]. 133 38


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