Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nevocytes in melanoma-draining lymph nodes can be mistaken for melanoma metastases and may possibly transform to melanoma. During the development of a new technique for managing high-risk primary melanomas, selective lymph node dissection, we examined 4,821 nodes from 208 melanoma patients by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Nodal nevi were identified in 49 of 226 lymphadenectomy specimens (22%), a frequency considerably higher than previously recorded (5-6%). Nevi occurred in 57 of 4,821 nodes (1.2%), in 84% of patients in one node, in 13% of patients in two nodes, and in 3% of patients in three nodes. Nevocytes were detected in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections in 38 of 49 cases (78%) and exclusively by immunocytochemistry with an antibody to S-100 protein in 11 of 49 (22%). Nevi were in the peripheral capsule in 93% of cases and in internal trabecula in the remaining 7%. Nevocytes surrounded a small vessel in 33% of cases. Nevi were more frequent in axillary (37 of 140, 26%) and cervical nodes (seven of 40, 18%) than in inguinal nodes (five of 46, 11%). Nevi were more frequent in sentinel nodes, the first nodes on the lymphatics draining a primary melanoma (11 of 284, 3.9%), than in nonsentinel nodes (46 of 4,537, 1.01%; p < 0.0008). One of 1,071 nodes from 50 patients with breast cancer (0.1%) and none of 521 nodes from 50 patients with pelvic cancer contained nevocytes. That nodal nevi are selectively present in melanoma patients raises the possibility of their origin from nodal melanocytes influenced by tumor products. Alternatively, the association may indicate that the nevocytes of cutaneous nevi can be disrupted and displaced by the growth of an adjacent melanoma.
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PMID:Nodal nevi and cutaneous melanomas. 866 31

All cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Scotland have been registered by the Scottish Melanoma Group since 1979, and there are currently more than 4700 cases on the registry. Of these, only 50 cases are in patients 18 years of age and younger (1.04 percent of all melanomas); 15 of these were prepubertal, i.e., 14 years or younger (0.3 percent of all melanomas). The nine cases of documented metastases occurred in children with tumor thickness of 1.50 mm or more, with only one of these metastases occurring in a prepubertal child. Eight of these patients with metastatic disease died, with a maximum survival of 4 years. A reliable clinical history was obtained from the families of 23 patients. Eight of them had a history of preexisting congenital nevocellular nevus. In this series, no case arose in a large congenital nevocellular nevus. Histological review showed that the majority of cases (58 percent) exhibited typical cytological and architectural features of malignant melanoma. In the remaining cases, the lesions were difficult to fit into any of the classic patterns of malignant melanoma or of the known benign nevocellular lesions.
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PMID:Cutaneous malignant melanoma in children and adolescents in Scotland, 1979-1991. 870 Sep 78

Many cases reported as malignant melanomas arising in benign congenital melanocytic nevi in the neonatal period have not shown evidence of metastases after several years of follow-up. These lesions were probably pathologically misdiagnosed, thus creating a controversy regarding the precise incidence. This article describes the case of an infant with a giant melanocytic nevus simulating malignant melanoma to illustrate the proper criteria for diagnosis of this condition so extensive and unnecessary therapy procedures can be avoided.
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PMID:Diagnosing and treating congenital melanocytic nevus simulating malignant melanoma. 877 4

We describe the case of a 28-year-old man with a giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) with malignant transformation to melanoma and metastasis on the central nervous system (CNS). We also make a summary of the pathological features from both lesions (GCMN and Melanoma), the occurrence of malignancy of GCMN, the organs more frequently involved with metastatic melanoma--with emphasis to involvement of CNS--just as the factors that cause malignant transformation of GCMN; the methods to diagnose metastases in CNS--emphasizing the importance of cerebrospinal fluid--and some therapeutical modalities for the metastatic melanoma in CNS.
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PMID:[Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of cerebro-meningeal metastasis from malignant melanoma arising from giant congenital melanocytic nevus: case report]. 910 95

A 66-year-old man, admitted to the hospital for prostatic carcinoma, presented with a nodular lesion located on the presternal region and a small nodule (0.5 cm in diameter) simulating a scalp sebaceous cyst located on the scalp. Moreover, an irregular darkbrown lesion was observed on the left side of the abdomen, and a brownish macula was also present on the presternal region. Histologic examination of the two nodular lesions revealed cutaneous metastases from prostatic carcinoma. The pigmented lesion, localized on the abdomen, proved to be a superficial spreading melanoma with a maximal depth of 1.36 mm. Histologic examination of the brownish lesion on the presternal region revealed nevus cell nests within the epidermis and in the dermis. We discuss the propensity of developing a secondary cancer in a patient with a primary malignancy.
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PMID:Skin metastases from prostate cancer associated with malignant melanoma. 916 71

In recent years, it has become evident that T cells can recognize peptides of melanocytic lineage antigens such as gp100, MART-1, and tyrosinase at the tumor cell surface and can subsequently destroy these cells. It is thus feasible to develop immunotherapeutic approaches based on the melanocytic marker profiles of melanoma cells. One of the predictors of the success rate of such a treatment is the extent of positive (target) tumor cells within the lesions of the patient. First, we investigated the presence of these three proteins in 18 human melanoma cell lines using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In 11 cell lines, mRNA and protein of all three markers could be detected; in one cell line, only two markers were present, and six melanoma cell lines showed no evidence for these markers. Secondly, we stained frozen sections of 105 human melanocytic lesions, 13 common nevocellular nevi, 13 atypical nevi, 13 early primary melanomas (Breslow < 1.5 mm), 25 advanced primary melanomas (aPM; Breslow > or =1.5 mm), and 41 melanoma metastases (MM) with antibodies against glycoprotein 100, melanoma antigen recognized by T cells, and tyrosinase. In addition, we used the 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine reaction to detect tyrosinase enzyme activity as a confirmation of the tyrosinase immunohistochemical results in a subset of the lesions. In the benign lesions, glycoprotein 100 was more prominently expressed in epidermal melanocytes, whereas melanoma antigen recognized by T cells was encountered in all or nearly all dermal melanocytes in all nevocellular nevi and atypical nevus lesions. Tyrosinase was found in a lower percentage of melanocytes, both in the epidermis and in the dermis within these lesions. With regard to heterogeneity of staining within the malignant lesions, we found that 54% (early primary melanomas), 48% (aPMs), and 56% (MM) of the lesions stained within the same staining category for all three proteins studied. Approximately 17% of the aPM and MM lesions did not show positive tumor cells for any of the three proteins. We conclude that a subgroup of patients with high expression should be selected for immunotherapeutic treatment approaches based on the presence of these proteins.
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PMID:Heterogeneous expression of immunotherapy candidate proteins gp100, MART-1, and tyrosinase in human melanoma cell lines and in human melanocytic lesions. 924 53

Trophoblasts are derived from the normal placenta, and they infiltrate into the endometrium and the maternal blood vessels under strict control but, unlike malignant cells, never metastasize. To understand the proliferative characteristics of trophoblasts and its related disorders, we assessed telomerase activity in chorionic villi obtained from 27 normal individuals, 9 hydatidiform moles, and 2 choriocarcinomas. Telomerase activity was detected in 13/27 (48%) normal chorionic villi samples. The detectability and the level of telomerase activity depended on gestational age; 8/10 (80%) villi samples in the first trimester (relative telomerase activity; 1.77 +/- 1.37), whereas 2/8 (25%) villi samples in the second trimester (0.78 +/- 1.52) and 3/9 (33%) in the third trimester (0.28 +/- 0.43) had telomerase activity. Telomerase activity of normal chorionic villi in the first trimester was higher than that of the third trimester (P = 0.0251). In contrast, all mole samples had increased telomerase activity compared to normal villi (3.17 +/- 2.81, P = 0.0152). Thus, a relationship may exist among cell proliferation, telomerase activity, and progression to trophoblastic disease.
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PMID:Comparison of telomerase activity in normal chorionic villi to trophoblastic diseases. 945 90

We describe a 43-year-old Japanese female who developed hypercalcemia associated with malignant melanoma. The patient underwent three resections of tumors on her groin and buttock secondary to a bathing trunk congenital nevus, and the histopathological findings showed benign congenital nevi. At the age of 42 years, she developed a malignant melanoma under the giant pigmented nevus in her groin. Fourteen months after the diagnosis of melanoma, she developed metastases to the lung, para-aortic lymph nodes and bones accompanied by hypercalcemia resulting from a remarkable increase in the serum level of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). The patient died from acute renal and respiratory failure. In addition, we analyzed serum levels of calcium and PTHrP in 19 patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Seven patients had hypercalcemia, and 3 had increased serum levels of PTHrP.
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PMID:Hypercalcemia in a patient with malignant melanoma arising in congenital giant pigmented nevus. A case of increased serum level of parathyroid hormone-related protein. 969 91

Gestational trophoblastic disease is a common gynaecological problem in Malaysia. The incidence of molar pregnancy is 2.8 per 1000 deliveries, being more common amongst the Chinese. The preferred method of evacuation is suction curettage; complete evacuation of the uterus was not achieved at the first attempt in 25 per cent of cases. Partial moles in our centre comprised 30 per cent of all moles. This is potentially malignant and needs follow-up for a complete mole. In the management of an invasive mole, chemotherapy should not be withheld in the presence of metastases and failure of regression of hCG. The role of prophylactic hysterectomy and prophylactic chemotherapy in the management of molar pregnancy is discussed "Selective preventive chemotherapy" in patients at "risk" appears appropriate. Chemotherapy remains the main modality of treatment for gestational trophoblastic tumours (GTT). We categorised our patients into low, medium and high-risk groups; survivals were 100, 98, and 61.7 percent respectively. These patients when categorised according to FIGO staging had survivals of 100, 80, 78.6 and 68.2 per cent respectively for stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The reasons for the poor survival in the 'high-risk' group are discussed. Colour doppler blood flow studies are now being carried out; its role needs further evaluation. Surgery and radiotherapy have only a limited role in the management of these cases.
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PMID:The management of gestational trophoblastic disease in developing countries such as Malaysia. 983 22

Melanoma cells in culture express a variety of growth factors and cytokines and some of their autocrine and paracrine roles have been investigated. However, less information is available on the potential dynamic changes in expression of these molecules on cells during melanoma development and progression in situ. Using immunohistochemistry, we tested 40 nevi and primary and metastatic melanoma lesions for the expression of 10 growth factors and cytokines and the respective receptors representing 10 cell surface molecules. Nevi and thin (< 1 mm) primary melanomas showed little expression of ligands except weak reactivity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and reactivity of TGF-betaR and c-kit. Marked up-regulation of growth factors, cytokines and receptor expression was observed in thick (> 1 mm) primary melanomas, which were stained with polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and stem cell factor (SCF), but not IL-2. Metastases showed similar expression patterns except that SCF was absent. Co-expression of ligand and receptor was observed for TGF-beta, GM-CSF and IL-6, suggesting an autocrine role for these ligands. TNF-alpha appears to be a marker of benign lesions; IL-6 and IL-8 expression is associated with biologically early malignancy; TGF-beta, GM-CSF and IL-1alpha are highly expressed in biologically late lesions; and TNF-beta is an apparent marker of metastatic dissemination. Our results indicate that melanoma cells utilize cascades of growth factors and cytokines for their progression.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical evidence of cytokine networks during progression of human melanocytic lesions. 1009 49


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