Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Having delineated the complete and the partial hydatidiform moles as 2 separate entities on the basis or morphology and cytogenetics, the authors studied 201 molar pregnancies at the Magee-Womens Hospital in an attempt to characterize the clinicopathologic profile of the partial mole syndrome. This was done mainly by comparison and contrast with the established and more familiar syndrome of the classic complete mole. The partial mole syndrome displays most of the pathologic and clinical features of the classic mole and seems to represent a milder, dilute version of the latter. This applies to placental morphology, to the fate of the embryo/fetus, and to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels as well as to the incidence and severity of clinically persistent trophoblastic disease. Preeclampsia can be equally severe in both syndromes, but tends to occur later in patients with partial mole. No metastatic disease was encountered in association with partial moles and no case of overt choriocarcinoma has yet been described. The occurrence of trophoblastic disease (as determined by postoperative hCG titers) following partial moles requires further inquiry, including study of the pathology of the underlying lesion(s), which remain virtually unexplored.
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PMID:The clinicopathologic profile of the partial hydatidiform mole. 707 Jul 31

A 64-year-old man with a six-month history of visual loss was found to have multiple darkly pigmented lesions scattered throughout the choroid of both eyes. Some lesions, up to several disc diameters in size, were flat, but others were elevated one to two millimeters. The right eye also contained a darkly pigmented ciliary body mass. Impairment of light transmission was striking. Ultrasonography of the elevated lesions demonstrated solid masses with high internal reflectivity. The initial diagnostic differential included the possibility of pigmented metastases from a primary tumor elsewhere, as well as multiple primary nevi. A general medical examination demonstrated arteriosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, areas of patchy pigmentation of the oral mucosa, and a hilar prominence. A mediastinal lymph node biopsy specimen showed a grade 3 undifferentiated carcinoma compatible with a lung primary carcinoma. Enlargement of the choroidal lesions was observed until the patient's death 15 months later. Autopsy showed an undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung with widespread metastases. Each eye showed multiple discrete benign melanocytomas within a diffuse nevus involving the entire uveal tract. The nature of the relationship between multiple uveal melanocytomas and the systemic carcinoma is uncertain, but recognition of multiple uveal melanocytomas warrants a general medical examination to exclude primary malignancy elsewhere.
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PMID:7. Pseudometastatic lesions of the choroid. 724 11

A review of 373 patients with presumed choroidal nevi revealed 19 (5.1%) to have largely or totally amelanotic nevi. All patients but one with amelanotic nevi were white, and all were 48 years of age or older. Each lesion was located posterior to the equator, had a mean diameter of 3.2 mm, and was less than or equal to 1 mm in elevation. Intravenous fluorescein angiography most often disclosed early and late hyperfluorescence, corresponding to the amelanotic areas of the nevus. No lesions were observed to grow during a mean 14-month follow-up period. The differential diagnosis of amelanotic nevi of the choroid is discussed and includes amelanotic malignant melanoma, cavernous hemangioma of the choroid, metastatic cancer to the choroid, posterior scleritis, choroidal osteoma, and hypopigmented congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.
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PMID:Amelanotic choroidal nevi. 733 17

Report on an extremely rare case of primary bilateral malignant melanoma of the choroid with histological verification of both tumors. The patient was a 54-year-old woman; the presumptive clinical diagnosis was a primary bilateral melanoblastoma. A thorough general examination did not reveal any metastases. Six months later the patient underwent surgery. The left eye, in which the tumor was larger, was enucleated and a B-type malignant melanoma of the choroid with invasion of the sclera was diagnosed histologically. Two months later the patient died of a lung embolism. Histological verification of the tumor of the right eye led to the same diagnosis as in the left eye, but without invasion of neighbouring structures. No distant metastases were found at autopsy. A thin layer of slender spindle nevus cells was found between the tumor and the sclera during the histological study. The author agrees with Yanoff and Zimmerman (1967) that this may be regarded as the origin of the malignant tumor.
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PMID:[Primary bilateral malignant melanoma of the choroid (author's transl)]. 733 51

Melanoma cells often display a multidrug-resistant phenotype, but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. We have studied here the recently identified transport-associated proteins, MRP and LRP, and the well-known drug resistance marker P-glycoprotein using a panel of 16 human melanoma cell lines and 71 benign and malignant melanocytic tissue samples. By flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, expression of P-glycoprotein was not detectable on the protein level in the 10 cell lines analyzed, although by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, MDR-1 gene expression was demonstrated in 2 of 10 cell lines. In addition, immunohistology revealed P-glycoprotein expression in only 1 of 71 melanocytic lesions. In contrast, MRP was detected in a subset of melanoma cell lines by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistology (4 of 10). LRP expression was observed in 8 of 10 melanoma cell lines by immunochemistry and in 10 of 10 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, MRP was detected immunohistologically in almost 50% of primary and metastatic melanoma specimens, although no significant differences were found between metastases taken before or after chemotherapy. Expression of LRP was detected in a subset of nevi with nevus cells exhibiting up to 25% positive LRP reactivity. In 13 of 21 primary melanomas and 23 of 37 metastases, more than 25% of tumor cells were stained by the LRP-56 monoclonal antibody. Particularly in the group of metastases with more than 50% of LRP-positive cells, 7 of 11 of the metastases had been previously exposed to chemotherapeutic drugs. Although the expression of membrane transport proteins may explain only the chemoresistance toward lipophilic, natural compounds and not resistance against alkylating agents, the lack of P-glycoprotein expression after chemotherapeutic treatment and the significant expression of MRP and LRP in melanoma cells provide first insights into the drug-resistant phenotype in melanoma. Additional studies analyzing the role of MRP and LRP in chemoresistance of melanoma are warranted.
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PMID:Membrane transport proteins associated with drug resistance expressed in human melanoma. 749 78

Five cases are described of a distinctive histologic variant of benign spindle and epithelioid cell nevus characterized by extensive and prominent stromal hyalinization. The lesions consisted of a proliferation of spindle or epithelioid nevocytes scattered singly or in small clusters in the dermis and surrounded by abundant paucicellular hyalinized or collagenous stroma. Three patients were men and two were women. Their age range was 23 to 45 years (mean, 32). Two of the lesions were located in the head and neck region, two in the lower extremities, and one in the trunk. Immunohistochemical strains showed positive staining of the spindle or epithelioid cells with S-100 protein and vimentin; stains for keratin, EMA, CEA, actin, and desmin were all negative. Van Gieson and trichrome histochemical reaction demonstrated the collagenous nature of the hyalinized intercellular matrix; Congo red, crystal violet, and alcian blue stains were all negative. The etiology and pathogenesis of the intercellular hyalin deposits are unknown, but they probably represent a regressive phenomenon in longstanding or involuting lesions. Hyalinizing Spitz nevus must be included in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous lesions exhibiting a prominent hyalinized stroma and must be differentiated from other dermal neoplasms, particularly cutaneous metastases from occult internal malignancies and malignant melanoma.
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PMID:Hyalinizing spindle and epithelioid cell nevus. A study of five cases of a distinctive histologic variant of Spitz's nevus. 753 78

Work in animal models has suggested that interactions of members of the B7 receptor family (e.g., B7-1, B7-2) on tumor cells with their ligands CD28 and CTLA-4 on cytotoxic T cells (CTL) are important for the induction of anti-tumor immunity against malignant melanoma (MM). To determine whether these molecules are of relevance for CTL responses against human MM, we studied the expression of B7-1, B7-2, CD28 and CTLA-4 in primary tumors of MM (PMM), MM metastases (MMM) and benign melanocytic nevi (BMN) by immunohistochemistry (IH) and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). By RT-PCR, B7-1 and B7-2-specific mRNAs were detected in most PMM, MMM and BMN. These PCR-signals were derived from CD45(+)-infiltrating leukocytes and not from tumor cells since (I) MMM depleted of CD45+ cells contained no B7-1 or B7-2 mRNA; and (2) by IH, B7-1 and B7-2 were found on infiltrating dendritic cells, macrophages and a variable proportion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) but not on melanoma cells or nevus cells. The important exceptions were 5/5 spontaneously regressing PMM, in which B7-1 and B7-2 were expressed by melanoma cells, that were surrounded by TIL expressing CD28 but not CTLA-4. We conclude that, in PMM, MMM and BMN, the majority of TIL are CD28+ and that B7-1 and B7-2 are expressed by CD45(+)-infiltrating antigen-presenting cells (APC) and TIL, but not by the tumor cells. However, in spontaneously regressing PMM, melanoma cells express B7-1, B7-2 and MHC class-I and -II antigens, particularly in areas with clinical and histological signs of an ongoing anti-tumor response. These data suggest that the absence of B7-1 and B7-2 favors the escape of MM from immunosurveillance, while B7-1, B7-2 expression enhances T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity.
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PMID:In situ expression of B7 and CD28 receptor families in human malignant melanoma: relevance for T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. 754 78

Smith et al. (1989) have reported a variant of Spitz's nevus with histological atypical features. Despite local lymph node metastases, further metastases were not observed. They proposed the name "malignant Spitz nevus" for this variant. A 2-year-old Japanese girl had a large nodule (27 x 17 mm) surrounded by an indurated erythema over the Achilles tendon. Histologically, it proved to be a melanocytic lesion resembling spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevus (Spitz's nevus) with unusual features; the tumor extended deep into the subcutis, and the mitotic figures deep into the tumor, together with prominent lymphatic vessel invasion by melanocytes. Thus the tumor was aptly termed "malignant Spitz nevus". Flow cytometric analysis of the DNA content revealed a diploid pattern. The child is well 5 years after a wide resection of the tumor. The diploid pattern of the DNA content as well as the good prognosis could support the idea that "malignant Spitz nevus" fits within the spectrum of Spitz's nevus.
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PMID:"Malignant Spitz nevus" in a 2-year-old Japanese child. 756 Apr 41

The Torre or Muir-Torre syndrome consists of certain types of sebaceous neoplasms of the skin, with or without keratoacanthomas, and one or more low-grade visceral malignancies in the absence of other predisposing factors. The sebaceous tumors are relatively uncommon or rare: sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous epithelioma, basal cell epithelioma with sebaceous differentiation, and sebaceous carcinoma. Sebaceous hyperplasia and hamartomas such as nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn, with or without a sebaceous epithelioma within it, are not a defining part of this syndrome. Sebaceous hyperplasia is common in elderly light-complexioned people with or without this syndrome. Nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn is not rare and is predisposed to the development of other neoplasms within it, including occasionally a sebaceous epithelioma. Colonic polyps are frequently present. Muir-Torre syndrome requires recognition because affected patients are at risk of multiple primary malignancies. The skin lesions may be the first sign of this syndrome, although more often its cutaneous signs follow the diagnosis of at least the first visceral malignancy. The Muir-Torre syndrome portends the greater possibility of a favorable prognosis than might be anticipated otherwise because the visceral cancers are usually low-grade malignancies. However, they are often multiple, so identifying such patients will affect their management in a few ways. Because these indolent visceral malignancies tend to permit prolonged survival, even metastatic disease may respond well to aggressive surgical treatment. The sebaceous cancers in this syndrome, like the visceral malignancies, are less aggressive than their counterparts unassociated with this syndrome. Because this syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, identifying one patient means delineating an entire family, which should be investigated. This syndrome may be caused by a defective mismatch DNA repair gene.
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PMID:The Muir-Torre syndrome: a 25-year retrospect. 878 1

The BCL-2 gene is the prototype of a newly described family of oncogenes involved in tumorigenesis by blocking apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Overexpression of BCL-2 protein was originally described in follicular B-cell lymphomas bearing the 14;18 translocation. BCL-2 overexpression has also been described in other lymphomas and more rarely in neoplasms outside the lymphoid tissue. The aim of this paper is to determine the immunohistochemical expression of BCL-2 in intradermal nevi and primary invasive and metastatic melanoma. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 4 cutaneous melanoma metastases, 10 primary invasive melanomas, and 10 intradermal melanocytic nevi were immunolabeled with monoclonal antibodies directed against BCL-2 protein (Dako, clone 124) and Ki-67 antigen (Amac, clone MIB-1), after antigen retrieval techniques. Morphologically normal epidermal melanocytes expressed BCL-2, as did nevi and melanomas in virtually all cells. However, whereas the labeling in normal melanocytes and nevus cells showed a uniformly strong reactivity, melanoma cells showed a variable but mainly weak reactivity. Ki-67 antigen expression was restricted to melanomas. The widespread expression of BCL-2 suggests that this oncoprotein cannot be involved in the malignant transformation of melanocytic cells. It seems likely that the decreased BCL-2 expression detected in melanomas may reflect one further step of tumor progression in melanocytic neoplasms.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical expression of BCL-2 in melanomas and intradermal nevi. 786 49


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