Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

After a classification in benign and malignant tumours and in pigmented and non-pigmented growth, attention is drawn to the fact that most of the tumours lie in the palpebral fissure and are benign. Leukoplakia is a clinical description but not a diagnosis. Both the benign and the malignant growths can be called Leukoplakia. The intra-epithelial epithelioma is often incorrectly diagnosed as Bowen's disease. This disease of the skin and the intraepithelial epithelioma of the limbus are histologically quite different, and therefore the term Bowen's disease is incorrect. Not all the various tumours occur with the same incidence, e. g. the squamous cell carcinoma occurs more often in some countries than in others. The malignant melanomas of the conjunctiva are not so malignant as in the caruncle or cornea. In the conjunctiva secundary melanomas can occur after penetration of an intraocular melanoma through the sclera; similary metastases can occur in the form of epibulbar tumours. In all cases the epibulbar tumour should be excised very carefully and a histological examination is necessary for the diagnosis.
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PMID:[Epibulbar tumours (author's transl)]. 48 Aug 13

1. Florid Papillomatosis (FP) seems to be another form of verrucous carcinoma. 2. Besides the mouth, FP can be found in the larynx, nose, genitalia, skin, etc. 3. FP would appear to be a carcinoma with a low degree of malignancy, and is locally aggressive. They do not cause generalized metastases and rarely metastasize locally. 4. In the mouth, the lesions, either single or multiple, usually occur in adult men. The most frequent sites are the buccal mucosa and the alveolar-gingival area. They develop on a healthy mucosa, or on preexisting lesions, namely, leukoplakia, atypical lichen, abrasive cheilitis and traumatic ulcers. FP may cause fistulas and jaw destruction. 5. Histologically, three stages can be recognized: type I, with acanthosis and papillomatosis, etc., type II, with the aspect of an in situ carcinoma, and type III, carcinoma-like in aspect but with some characteristics of FP. 6. Ten percent of the cases may develop an anaplastic carcinoma or may become associated with other types of carcinomas in other organs and near the area where the FP appeared. 7. Predisposing factors are the same as those for classical carcinomas (especially smoking and chewing tobacco or betel). FP may develop on preexisting lesions similar to those described for regular carcinomas. No virus has been isolated. Some authors believe FP is a precancerous condition; we think it is a cancer with a low degree of malignancy. 8. Treatment should be initiated with cytostatic drugs, especially methotrexate, followed by electrocoagulation, radium implantation and surgery. If the lesions are small in size, methotrexate is not required. If the lesions are large or there is bone destruction, surgery is the treatment of choice after methotrexate and sometimes high-voltage therapy with 60Co. 9. A cure rate of 75% can be obtained in properly treated cases.
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PMID:Oral florid papillomatosis (verrucous carcinoma). 51 22

Primary malignancy of the upper alveolus is an infrequent type of intra-oral carcinoma. This study reviews in detail 50 patients with a primary tumor of the upper alveolus who were treated at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia and Vancouver area hospitals, between 1940-1970 inclusive. Sixteen per cent had exposure to possible industrial carcinogens; 34 per cent had previous leukoplakia. The common presenting symptoms were pain (78 per cent) and swelling (64 per cent). Only 22 per cent had tumors confined to the upper alveolus. Fifty-two per cent had extensive lesions (i.e. T3 and T4). Twenty-six per cent had palpable cervical lymph nodes with potential metastatic disease. Treatment consisted of surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of both. Complications are detailed. The five year survival rate is 44 per cent; and the 10 year survival rate 24 per cent. Treatment rationale is discussed.
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PMID:Upper alveolar carcinoma--a 30 year survey. 92 21

Premalignant lesions of the penis include cutaneous horn, balanitis xerotica obliterans, and leukoplakia. The true incidence of progression of each of these to squamous-cell carcinoma is unknown. Bowenoid papulosis, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and Bowen's disease are histologically identical to in situ carcinoma. Although the first is consistently benign, the latter two regularly evolve into invasive cancer. Malignant scrotal lesions include squamous-cell carcinoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, basal-cell carcinoma, extramammary Paget's disease, erythroplasia of Queyrat, malignant melanoma, and metastases. Hemangioma can be confused with carcinoma.
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PMID:Premalignant lesions and nonsquamous malignancy of the penis and carcinoma of the scrotum. 173 73

Point mutations in codons 12, 13 or 61 of the oncogenes Ha-ras, Ki-ras or N-ras have been identified in human malignancies of many types. Using the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique for DNA amplification in vitro and stringent probing of the amplified DNA on dot blots with a library of specific oligonucleotides, we have screened for the presence of ras mutations in oral and para-oral malignancies and some associated lesions. The material, from UK patients, consisted of 22 oral squamous-cell carcinomas including 5 neck metastases, 1 oral mucosal dysplasia, 1 proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, 1 antral and 1 tonsillar carcinoma, 1 basal-cell carcinoma, 1 salivary adenocarcinoma, 1 salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma and 1 lung adenocarcinoma metastatic to the gingiva. Genomic DNA was extracted from tissues which were fresh or preserved in liquid nitrogen. Two DNA samples contained point mutations in codon 61 of Ki-ras. One of these mutations was in the lymphocytes infiltrating a retromolar SCC. The other mutation (CAA to CAU; substitution of glutamine by histidine) was in the lung adenocarcinoma metastasis. The absence of ras mutations in the epithelium of primary oral squamous-cell carcinomas is of considerable interest as other work in our Department on Indian cases of oral carcinomas associated with chewing tobacco (quid) revealed that 35% of these had a codon 12, 13 or 61 mutation in Ha-ras. While ras activations arising from point mutations may occur in a high proportion of oral malignancies associated with chewing tobacco (quid), this was not the case in UK oral malignancies, even where tobacco was smoked.
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PMID:Ras mutations in United Kingdom examples of oral malignancies are infrequent. 204 May 36

129 patients with carcinoma of the vulva were treated at the Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology from 1966-1985. FIGO stage I was observed in 21% of the cases, FIGO stage II in 50%, FIGO stage III in 10% and FIGO stage IV in 8% of the patients. In 10% of the patients, definite classification was not possible. Mean age at the onset of the disease was 66.2 years, the mean time of observation 63 months. Kraurosis of the vulva or leukoplakia were simultaneous phenomena recorded locally in 67% of the patients. Histological investigation showed squamous cell carcinoma in 93% of the cases. The tumours were most frequently observed on the labia and the clitoris. 98% of the patients underwent surgery, 64% radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymph node disection. 56% of the patients of this group had a 5-year survival rate, which was 47% for the entire group of patients. Wound healing disorders were the most frequently observed postoperative complications. Metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis is the critical point of the prognosis. In the absence of lymph node involvement, 68% of the patients achieved a 5-year survival, in the presence of lymph node involvement, the 5-year survival rate was only 13%. Results obtained by this study support the view, that radical surgery at the earliest possible time is the treatment of choice for carcinoma of the vulva.
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PMID:[Results of surgical treatment of vulvar cancer]. 237 35

A review of oral leukoplakia, based on data from the literature and experience with 84 patients is presented. The leukoplakic lesions of 3 patients developed malignant transformation within an average period of 5 years. All three patients were elderly women with idiopathic leukoplakia, in two cases of the homogeneous and in one case of the non-homogeneous type. The initial biopsy of the former two patients showed only hyperorthokeratosis without epithelial dysplasia. In the first biopsy of the third patient epithelial dysplasia was recorded. One of the patients finally died of widespread metastases. The other two have been treated surgically and are still alive.
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PMID:Oral leukoplakia, with emphasis on malignant transformation. A follow-up study of 46 patients. 265 83

Previous investigations into the association between oral/oropharyngeal carcinoma and clinical white patches (leukoplakia) have noted that the latter lesion is found adjacent to malignancies in 10% to 100% of all carcinomas of this site. This is an unacceptable variation in results and probably relates more to the referral biases inherent in hospital-based studies than to any other factor. The present population-based study, which is relatively free of selection bias, demonstrates that 62%, 36%, and 18% of invasive carcinomas of the labial vermilion, oral cavity proper, and oropharynx, respectively, have leukoplakia lesions of immediately adjacent mucosal surfaces. Only 7% of invasive carcinomas have juxtaposed carcinoma in situ, whereas another 2% have severe epithelial dysplasia. Mucosal carcinomas associated with leukoplakias appear to be smaller, more mature histologically, and more likely to be only superficially invasive; such carcinomas present with fewer metastases at diagnosis and provide a better prognosis than similar carcinomas not associated with leukoplakia.
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PMID:Leukoplakia and carcinoma in situ synchronously associated with invasive oral/oropharyngeal carcinoma in Rochester, Minn., 1935-1984. 342 24

Oral administration of 0.001% 4NQO in drinking water resulted in a high incidence of tongue carcinoma in rats. In other major organs, tumor induction was rarely observed. The most frequent site of tongue carcinoma was the dorsum. No metastases were found. Changes observed included carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. Carcinoma in situ showed erosion, leukoplakia, and a gross papillary appearance. Histologically, most carcinomas in situ showed full-thickness alteration of epithelium. Some carcinomas in situ in papillary lesions showed slightly less than full-thickness alteration of epithelium, exhibiting downward, well-differentiated growth. Invasive carcinomas were either endophytic or exophytic. Histologic grading of invasive carcinoma varied from highly to poorly differentiated. The method described offers a new experimental animal model of tongue carcinoma.
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PMID:Experimental tongue carcinoma of rats induced by oral administration of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) in drinking water. 392 7

Thirty-two patients with vesical leukoplakia have been seen in the St Peter's group of hospitals during the past 20 years. Twenty-five (78%) were men and 7 (22%) women with an average at diagnosis of 55 years. Seventeen (53%) had a history of chronic or recurrent urinary infection whilst 9 (28%) had previously developed bladder stones. Nine patients (28%) have so far developed a carcinoma of the bladder in association with the leukoplakia and, of these 4 are dead, 2 having died of metastatic disease and 2 in the immediate post-operative period. Eight of the 9 malignancies were squamous carcinomas.
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PMID:Vesical leukoplakia. 742 74


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