Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human breast tissue can give rise to hyperplasias, atypical hyperplasias, and in situ carcinomas originating in a terminal duct-lobular unit (TDLU). These entities are associated with increased risk of subsequent development of invasive carcinoma. Human breast carcinomas arise via intermediate steps known as precursor or premalignant lesions. However, it is difficult to perform stepwise observation of the progression of human breast cancer. Mouse mammary tissue can give rise to several characteristic types of premalignant hyperplasia and tumor, originating in a duct or acinus, that progress to carcinoma. Three specific types of mouse mammary lesion with premalignant potential have been identified: hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN), plaque (PLQ), and ductal hyperplasia (DH). These lesions partially resemble human precursor lesions, and clarification of similarities and differences between the human and mouse lesions could improve our understanding of human breast carcinogenesis. Some invasive breast carcinomas acquire metastatic potential and may cause the death of the patient. Because the most malignant aspect of neoplasia is metastasis, recognition of metastatic phenotypes is particularly important. Mouse mammary carcinomas rarely metastasize, but there exist mouse models of metastasis of mammary carcinoma. In the present review article, we describe morphological, biological, and molecular aspects of premalignant lesions of mice, and we discuss their metastatic phenotypes.
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PMID:Multistep mouse mammary tumorigenesis through pre-neoplasia to neoplasia and acquisition of metastatic potential. 1738 84

During progression of melanomas, a crucial role has been attributed to alterations of cell-cell adhesions, specifically, to a "cadherin switch" from E- to N-cadherin (cad). We have examined the adhesion of melanoma cells to each other and to keratinocytes. When different human melanoma cell lines were studied by protein analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy, six of eight lines contained N-cad, three E-cad, and five P-cad, and some lines had more than one cad. Surprisingly, two N-cad-positive lines, MeWo and C32, also contained desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), a desmosomal cad previously not reported for melanomas, whereas other desmosome-specific proteins were absent. This finding was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-PCR, immunoprecipitation, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analyses. Double-label confocal and immunoelectron microscopy showed N-cad, alpha- and beta-catenin in plaque-bearing puncta adhaerentia, whereas Dsg2 was distributed rather diffusely over the cell surface. In cocultures with HaCaT keratinocytes Dsg2 was found in heterotypic cell contact regions. Correspondingly, immunohistochemistry revealed Dsg2 in five of 10 melanoma metastases. Together, we show that melanoma cell adhesions are more heterogeneous than expected and that certain cells devoid of desmosomes contain Dsg2 in a non-junction-restricted form. Future studies will have to clarify the diagnostic and prognostic significance of these different adhesion protein subtypes.
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PMID:Homo- and heterotypic cell contacts in malignant melanoma cells and desmoglein 2 as a novel solitary surface glycoprotein. 1749 63

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a rare low-grade fibrohistiocytic tumor with onset normally at ages between 20 and 50 years. It presents as a violaceous plaque or macule with an appearance suggestive of vascular lesion, on which nodular lesions appear later. Histological diagnosis is based on the presence of a spindle-cell tumor arranged in small bundles in a characteristic cartwheel pattern. The local recurrence rate is high but metastases are rare. The treatment is surgical resection with wide margins. The tumor rarely affects children under 16 years of age and it is even less common at birth--only 27 congenital cases have been described in the literature. We describe the case of a 10-year-old boy with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans present since birth and currently without signs of recurrence.
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PMID:[Congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a case report]. 1796 51

We describe an 81-year-old Japanese woman who had a palm-sized, erythematous plaque with a nodular lesion on the lateral abdomen. The biopsy specimens taken from the erythematous plaque and reddish nodule show that bowenoid changes were present in the epidermis and epidermis to dermis, respectively. A sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) was performed with blue dye and radioisotope in her right groin region and two lymph nodes were found to be occupied by many atypical cells. The erythematous plaque with nodular lesion was completely removed with a 3-cm margin under general anesthesia, and complete regional lymph node dissection was also performed. In addition, high telomerase activity was seen in the erythema plaque while using a telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. In conclusion, some instances of Bowen's disease might have high telomerase activity in the atypical cells and can progress to Bowen's carcinoma. The SNB was regarded as a useful method to detect early lymph node metastases in this case.
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PMID:Bowen's disease with high telomerase activity. 1797 20

Cutaneous metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma is a rare phenomenon. We present a 56-year-old African American man with metastatic disease in the skin and subcutis of the suprapubic and scrotal area 2 years after his initial diagnosis presenting as scrotal and penile edema and plaque like scrotal rash. We also review the literature on this subject.
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PMID:Scrotal and penile papules and plaques as the initial manifestation of a cutaneous metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate: case report and review of the literature. 1820 Dec 28

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare aggressive neoplasm that typically presents as a solitary nodule or plaque on sun-exposed skin of the elderly. Although multiple MCC have been described, they are rare, and metastases must be excluded. We report a case of a 59-year-old white male who presented with abrupt onset of multiple small bluish papules on his frontal scalp. On low power, the tumor had the overall histological silhouette of a nodular basal cell carcinoma. However, because of the lack of an epithelial connection and the cell's cytomorphological features, a MCC was considered and was subsequently confirmed using immunohistochemical stains. The MCC described in this report is unusual in that it presented as multiple cutaneous lesions that arose synchronously, along with micrometastases to sentinel lymph nodes.
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PMID:Synchronous onset of multiple cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinomas localized to the scalp. 1833 71

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive primary cutaneous neoplasm. Clinically it is characterized by innocuous appearance, as a fast growing asymptomatic nodule or plaque. Head and neck are the most common sites of presentation (50%). The treatment is based on local surgery completed with cervical lymph node dissection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other treatments depending on the staging. Sentinel lymph biopsy seems to be useful for its treatment. Tumour staging is the only prognostic factor related to overall survival. Prognosis is very poor due to the high incidence of loco-regional recurrence and metastases. Seven cases of Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck are reported. These were treated in our Department over the last two and a half years. A literature review was made.
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PMID:Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: report of seven cases. 1852 Oct 60

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) arising in the skin is extremely rare, and the majority of documented cases have developed in soft tissues or parenchymatous organs. We report on a 9-year-old boy who presented with a painful erythematous plaque on the nose. Histopathological findings showed a dermal tumor composed of epithelioid cells with moderate cellular atypia and characteristic intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Immunohistochemical stainings confirmed the vascular nature of the tumor. On the basis of these findings, the diagnosis of an EHE was made. Then, two cervical lymph nodes were excised and adjuvant therapy with interferon alpha 2b was initiated. Eighteen months after diagnosis, there is no evidence of local tumor recurrence or metastases. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a metastasizing cutaneous EHE on the nose in childhood. As our case shows, this rare tumor entity has to be considered as a differential diagnosis in neoplasms of the skin, even in childhood.
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PMID:Metastasizing epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the nose in childhood. 1854 51

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare malignant primary tumor of the skin, which develop typically in the elderly in the sun exposed areas of the skin, most commonly in the head and neck region. This tumor is very aggressive with a high rate of regional and distant metastases, marked propensity for local et regional recurrence, and very poor survival. Skin lesions are typically red or purple and present as a solitary dome-shaped nodule or indurated plaque. The recognition of such tumor in not difficult, but in same cases, when the tumor infiltrate deeper organs and structures it may cause some problems. We describe a case of 86 years old women who was operated in our department with an initial diagnosis of parotid tumor infiltrating the skin of the preauricular region and the facial nerve. The histopatological and immunohistochemical examination of the tumor showed that it was Merkel cell carcinoma, which in fact developed in the skin and infiltrated parotid gland and facial nerve. After operation patient received 2 courses of palliative radiation. Until now during a 4,5 years follow up there was no recurrence of the tumor and the patient is well.
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PMID:[Merkel cell-carcinoma in the parotid gland--review of literature and case report]. 1855 7

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma is a rare adnexal sweat gland neoplasm that mainly affects elderly people. Differential diagnosis includes mammary and gastrointestinal metastatic mucinous carcinoma (MC) and secondary cutaneous involvement by underlying neoplasms. An 83-year-old woman presented with an 8-year history of slow-growing infiltrate plaque in her right hemithorax, with ulceration on supraclavicular area, right upper limb edema and palpable axillary lymphadenopathies. She underwent partial excision of the tumor and local radiotherapy. Imaging studies showed widespread cutaneous dissemination with enlargement of ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes but without evidence of underlying breast cancer. Histopathological examination showed large amounts of mucin in the dermis including small islands of epithelial cells. They stained positive for cytokeratin 7, carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, and c-erbB-2. Lymphatic invasion was demonstrated by D2-40-immunostained sections. A diagnosis of primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma was made. Our aim was to reevaluate the differential clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical criteria for distinguishing primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma from skin metastases of visceral mucinous carcinoma, especially those arising in breast. We also propose D2-40 as a reliable marker to detect lymphatic invasion that indicates a strong aggressive trend with shorter recurrence-free and predicts nodal metastases.
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PMID:Mucinous carcinoma of the skin: evaluation of lymphatic invasion with D2-40. 1880 1


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