Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma and 24-h urinary adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 12 normal subjects, 33 patients with six types of non-neoplastic disease (cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer, coronary heart disease, hypertension, regional ileitis, and cirrhosis), and 34 patients with five types of disseminated neoplastic disease (acute myelocytic leukemia; Hodgkin's disease; and metastatic cancer of the lung, colon, and breast). In patients with non-neoplastic disease, cyclic nucleotide values in plasma and urine did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.05) from those in normal subjects. In patients with disseminated cancer, cyclic AMP values in plasma and urine likewise did not differ significantly from those in normal subjects. Plasma cyclic GMP, in contrast, was significantly elevated in all five types of cancer patients, and urinary cyclic GMP was significantly elevated (five times the normal mean) in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.
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PMID:Plasma and urine cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate in disseminated cancer. 22 52

Although gestational choriocarcinoma is a rapidly invasive malignancy, metastatic invasion of this tumor to the heart is rare. We report an unusual case of coronary embolism, which was caused by malignant trophoblasts from choriocarcinoma in a 26-year-old woman. The woman presented with classic symptoms of ischemic heart disease after having successfully undergone chemotherapeutic treatment for choriocarcinoma several months earlier. Thus, she was thought to have coronary heart disease or to have developed cardiotoxicity from antineoplastic drugs. This is the first report of this type of metastatic localization and tumor involvement in the heart and underscores the need for suspecting isolated metastases in uncommon sites in patients with choriocarcinoma.
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PMID:Coronary embolism by metastatic choriocarcinoma of the uterus: an unusual cause of ischemic heart disease. 238 44

Results of chemotherapy for small cell bronchial carcinoma were analysed retrospectively on 36 of 40 consecutive patients with the disease, admitted to an oncology unit between January 1985 and December 1987. The survival curves indicated a highly significant trend (log-rank p = 0.001). Patients with extensive disease and Karnofsky index of 40-50% had a median survival of four months, but for those with Karnofsky index greater than 50% it was 15 months. There was virtually no age difference between the two groups, but there were significant differences regarding additional diseases (e.g. coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, etc.) frequency of liver and CNS metastases, rates of complete or partial remission, number of early deaths, haematological toxicity, and severe weight loss (greater than 5 kg). These results suggest that aggressive chemotherapy (primary designed for patients with limited disease) failed to improve the grave prognosis of patients with distant metastases and a low Karnofsky index (less than 50%). Supportive care should be intensified for these patients.
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PMID:[Results of palliative chemotherapy in advanced small cell bronchial carcinoma]. 246 Mar 1

The plasma and 24-hr urinary levels of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and of cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cGMP) were determined for 19 healthy normal patients, 54 patients with six types of nonneoplastic diseases (cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer, coronary heart disease, hypertension, regional ileitis, and cirrhosis), and 54 patients with five types of neoplastic disease (cancers of the lung, colon, and breast, acute myelocyte leukemia, and Hodgkin's disease). The cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate levels of urine and plasma in normal subjects, in noncancer subjects, and in cancer subjects did not differ significantly. The cGMP levels in the noncancer group were similarly unchanged from those in the normal group. However, mean cGMP levels in the urine and plasma of patients with neoplastic diseases were, respectively, 2- and 3-fold greater than the normal values (p less than 0.005 for urine and p less than 0.05 for plasma). Pharmacokinetic studies with [3H]cGMP in nine healthy controls and 15 patients with neoplasia showed that the mean production rate of this nucleotide in patients with metastatic cancer was elevated when compared to normal patients, but many values fell within the normal range. In acute leukemia, the production rate was seven times normal, with four of five patients having values clearly outside the normal range. The plasma clearance rate in patients with neoplasia was not decreased when compared to that in normal patients. It is proposed that an increased production rate, rather than any change in plasma clearance, accounts for the increased levels of cGMP in the plasma and urine of some patients with neoplastic disease.
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PMID:Elevated plasma and urinary guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate and increased production rate in patients with neoplastic diseases. 625 69

The endocrine side effects are mainly androgenic and concern particularly but not exclusively females and children. Depending on individual sensitivity, the dosage used and the androgenicity of the drug concerned, signs of virilization ranging from slight voice disturbances to severe derangement of reproduction can develop, the latter occurring in both sexes. Progestational effects are of little importance. Hepatic alterations are caused almost exclusively by 17 alpha-alkylated steroids and can range from abnormal liver function tests to life-threatening liver tumours. Atherogenic changes in the lipid-lipoprotein balance, again a domain of the 17 alpha-alkylated preparations, might increase the risk of coronary heart disease. The metabolic influences of anabolic compounds can--at excessive dosage levels--create a prediabetic condition and polycythaemia. The influence of anabolic agents on psyche and behavior in normal doses are mostly positive, rendering the drugs useful for adjuvant therapy in patients whose general condition is poor, irrespective of the origin. If given in excessive doses they can cause grave psychic and behavioral disturbances and possibly dependence. Anabolic-androgenic steroids should be used with caution in patients who are particularly sensitive to side effects, where fluid retention must be prevented, in subjects with liver diseases, skeletal metastases of mammary carcinoma, and when longitudinal growth is not completed. They are contraindicated in carcinoma of the prostate and mammary carcinoma in the male and their use should be discouraged in pregnancy and during lactation.
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PMID:Side effects of anabolic steroids and contraindications. 825 57

Lung cancer has now displaced coronary heart disease as the single leading cause of excess mortality among smokers in the United States. Because screening by chest radiography and sputum cytology did not result in a reduction in lung cancer mortality, current research is directed at identifying earlier markers of malignancy. Molecular genetic and immunohistochemical techniques may now be applied to sputum cytology, and it may be possible to use such tests to screen certain subpopulations who are at extremely high risk for the development of lung cancer. Computed tomography scanning remains the most sensitive imaging technique for the evaluation and staging of patients with both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Several prospective trials have now shown that the specificity and sensitivity of computed tomography in the assessment of mediastinal nodes are still too low to eliminate the need for mediastinoscopy. Patients should not be denied thoracotomy on the basis of enlarged lymph nodes detected by computed tomography scan alone, and histologic verification of tumor involvement is essential, especially for patients who have obstructive pneumonitis. For extrathoracic staging, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography and ultrasound are similar for the detection of liver metastases, but computed tomography is a more sensitive tool for detecting extrahepatic abdominal metastases. Monoclonal antibody imaging techniques currently do not seem to be either sensitive or specific enough to replace any of the current staging procedures more commonly in use.
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PMID:Screening, diagnosis, and staging of lung cancer. 838 93

Toremifene is a chlorinated tamoxifen analogue that is indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-dependent breast cancer. It competes with estradiol for estrogen receptors and has growth-inhibitory effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. At concentrations < 10(-6) mol/L, this growth inhibition can be reversed by estradiol, but at higher concentrations toremifene is cytotoxic. In dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer in rats, toremifene has been shown to decrease the number of new tumours and to inhibit the growth of existing tumours. Toremifene causes growth inhibition by suppressing mitosis and inducing apoptosis. The mechanism by which these events occur may involve the induction of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1 (mecasermin). Toremifene is primarily an antiestrogen, but it has some estrogen agonist properties in postmenopausal women. The latter are reflected by the fall in luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and the rise in sex hormone-binding globulin levels that are associated with its use in most women. After estrogen priming, toremifene 68mg administered orally has been found to exert a similar antiestrogenic effect on the vaginal epithelium in postmenopausal women as tamoxifen 60mg. The half-life of toremifene in plasma is 5 days, and the drug is > 99% bound to plasma proteins. The main metabolites of toremifene are N-demethyl-toremifene and deaminohydroxy-toremifene. Altered liver, but not kidney, function affects the pharmacokinetics of toremifene. Toremifene 60mg daily is as effective as tamoxifen 20mg daily in the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-dependent breast cancer, producing a response in about 50% of patients. Soft tissue and visceral metastases respond better to toremifene than bone metastases. Most of the adverse effects of toremifene are related to its activity at estrogen receptors and include hot flashes, vaginal discharge and nausea. Although toremifene decreases antithrombin III levels slightly, the incidence of thromboembolic complications is low. Thus far, no carcinogenic effects have been noted in humans, and preclinical data are mostly reassuring. Toremifene has favourable effects on serum lipids, and thus has potential in preventing coronary heart disease. Although toremifene is somewhat more expensive to use than tamoxifen, toremifene is an effective and well tolerated alternative to tamoxifen in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone-dependent breast cancer. No formal pharmacoeconomic comparisons of toremifene and tamoxifen have yet been published. Toremifene is potentially safer than tamoxifen in relation to carcinogenic effects and effects on serum lipids.
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PMID:Toremifene in postmenopausal breast cancer. Efficacy, safety and cost. 934 56

Analyzing the results of 99mTc-Technetryle mammascintigraphy in 41 females with breast cancer indicated that polypositional planar mammascintigraphy ensures a high sensitivity (over 88%) in revealing a primary nodule in T1, (more than 95%) in large tumors at above 95% specificity. No nodal accumulation of 99mTc-Technetryle was observed in controls (with fibrocystic mastopathy and suspected coronary heart disease. Mammascintigraphy showed a 85% sensitivity in recognizing axillary lymph nodal metastases too and ascertained that 14 patients had suptaclavicular and subclavian lymph nodal metastases. Therefore, 99mTc-technetryle mammascintigraphy is the method of choice in early detecting a tumorous process, primarily lymphogenic metastasis in breast cancer, and in evaluating its extent.
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PMID:[99m-Tc-Technetryle mammascintigraphy: clinical protocol and first experience in clinical diagnosis of breast cancer]. 941 42

The groundwork for making the concept of breast cancer chemoprevention a clinical reality began over a century ago. Although tamoxifen's first clinical use was for the treatment of breast cancer, the earliest animal studies with the drug provided the scientific basis for chemoprevention. The extensive clinical experience, safety and laboratory data have made tamoxifen the current standard-of-care for the prevention of breast cancer in women at elevated risk. The STAR trial will address the value of raloxifene as a chemopreventative in postmenopausal women. Results will be available by 2005. Newer compounds are under development which hold the promise of expanded efficacy and narrower side-effect profile. These compounds will function as multifunctional medicines and will hold the promise of preventing breast and endometrial cancer, while providing the beneficial effects of preventing osteoporosis and coronary heart disease.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 2002
PMID:Chemoprevention of breast cancer: current and future prospects. 1254 69

It has become clear that growth and progression of breast tumor cells not only depend on their malignant potential but also on factors present in the tumor microenvironment. Of the cell types that constitute the mammary stroma, the adipocytes are perhaps the least well studied despite the fact that they represent one of the most prominent cell types surrounding the breast tumor cells. There is compelling evidence demonstrating a role for the mammary fat pad in mammary gland development, and some studies have revealed the ability of fat tissue to augment the growth and ability to metastasize of mammary carcinoma cells. Very little is known, however, about which factors adipocytes produce that may orchestrate these actions and how this may come about. In an effort to shed some light on these questions, we present here a detailed proteomic analysis, using two-dimensional gel-based technology, mass spectrometry, immunoblotting, and antibody arrays, of adipose cells and interstitial fluid of fresh fat tissue samples collected from sites topologically distant from the tumors of high risk breast cancer patients that underwent mastectomy and that were not treated prior to surgery. A total of 359 unique proteins were identified, including numerous signaling molecules, hormones, cytokines, and growth factors, involved in a variety of biological processes such as signal transduction and cell communication; energy metabolism; protein metabolism; cell growth and/or maintenance; immune response; transport; regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, and nucleic acid metabolism; and apoptosis. Apart from providing a comprehensive overview of the mammary fat proteome and its interstitial fluid, the results offer some insight as to the role of adipocytes in the breast tumor microenvironment and provide a first glance of their molecular cellular circuitry. In addition, the results open new possibilities to the study of obesity, which has a strong association with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.
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PMID:Identification of extracellular and intracellular signaling components of the mammary adipose tissue and its interstitial fluid in high risk breast cancer patients: toward dissecting the molecular circuitry of epithelial-adipocyte stromal cell interactions. 1569 26


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