Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Orbital and intracranial invasion from skin cancer is an uncommon but serious consequence of skin cancer located around the orbit, particularly the forehead. Perineural spread is an aggressive manifestation of skin cancer similar to lymph node metastases. Such spread can provide access to the orbit and squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histology reported. Treatment should be directed at preventing such orbital spread. Adjuvant radiotherapy is strongly recommended. Disease may present in an advanced state within the orbit or beyond the orbital apex and involve the cavernous sinus. Palliative radiotherapy should be considered in such advanced cases. Presented are the cases of four patients treated for advanced orbital and intracranial spread from periorbital skin cancer.
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PMID:Perineural spread leading to orbital invasion from skin cancer. 1097 23

The role of innate immunity in natural resistance to tumor progression was investigated in two mouse lines, AIRmax and AIRmin, selected by bi-directional selective breeding on the basis of high or low acute inflammatory response. Compared with AIRmin, AIRmax mice were shown to be resistant to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O:-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin cancers and here we demonstrate that AIRmax are also able to restrain the development of metastases upon transfer of MHC compatible, incompatible or xenogeneic melanomas. An acute inflammatory response to melanoma cells was observed in AIRmax mice only, although both lines were found to mount similar specific immune responses to melanoma antigens. The genetically selected lines therefore represent a model system to analyze the positive correlation between multiple resistance to tumorigenesis and host inflammatory responsiveness.
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PMID:Resistance to melanoma metastases in mice selected for high acute inflammatory response. 1118 57

Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) with melphalan is effective against melanoma in-transit metastases but has failed in the treatment of limb-threatening extremity sarcomas. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) has changed this situation completely. Now, ILP with TNF + melphalan is a very successful treatment to prevent amputation. In a multicenter European trial, ILP with TNF + melphalan resulted in a 76% response rate and a 71% limb salvage rate in patients with limb-threatening soft-tissue sarcomas, deemed unresectable by independent review committees, leading to approval of TNF in Europe. We have also reported on the success of this regimen against bulky melanomas, multifocal skin cancers, and drug-resistant bony sarcomas. High-dose TNF destructs tumor vasculature, and, most importantly, it enhances tumor-selective drug uptake (ie, melphalan and doxorubicin) by threefold to sixfold. Similar synergy is observed in well-vascularized liver metastases after isolated hepatic perfusion with TNF and melphalan. New (vasoactive) drugs and mechanisms of action and interaction with chemotherapy are in development. ILP is also a promising treatment modality for adenoviral vector-mediated gene therapy. Many clinical phase I/II evaluations in ILP are now underway.
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PMID:Isolated limb perfusion for extremity soft-tissue sarcomas, in-transit metastases, and other unresectable tumors: credits, debits, and future perspectives. 1138 22

UV radiation induces skin cancer primarily by its DNA-damaging properties, but also by its capacity to suppress the immune system. The photoisomer of urocanic acid (UCA), cis-UCA, is an important mediator of UV-induced immunosuppression and is involved in the inhibition of tumor immunity. The immunomodulatory cytokine IL-12 is known to counteract many of the immunosuppressive effects of UV radiation, including UV-induced immune tolerance. In this study, we addressed whether IL-12 also reverts the immunosuppressive activities of cis-UCA. Cis-UCA inhibits the ability of Langerhans cells to present tumor Ags for primary and secondary tumor immune responses. IL-12 treatment completely prevented the suppression by cis-UCA. IL-12 also protected mice from cis-UCA-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses. To study the effects of cis-UCA on Ag-processing and Ag-presenting function in vitro, Langerhans cells were treated with UCA isomers and incubated with OVA or OVA peptide(323-339) before exposure to OVA-specific transgenic T cells. Cis-, but not trans-UCA suppressed Ag presentation, which was completely reversed upon addition of IL-12. Since these findings suggest that cis-UCA may play an important role in photocarcinogenesis by inhibiting a tumor immune response, mice were chronically UVB irradiated to induce skin cancer. Whereas all mice in the control groups developed tumors, mice treated with a mAb with specificity for cis-UCA showed a significantly reduced tumor incidence. These data strongly indicate the importance of cis-UCA during photocarcinogenesis and support the concept of counteracting cis-UCA as an alternative strategy to prevent UV-induced skin cancer, possibly via the application of IL-12.
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PMID:IL-12 prevents the inhibitory effects of cis-urocanic acid on tumor antigen presentation by Langerhans cells: implications for photocarcinogenesis. 1171 85

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Patients with advanced disease, such as lymph node involvement and distant metastases, have 5-year survival rates of 50% and 10-20%, respectively. This poor prognosis largely results from resistance to conventional chemotherapy, namely cytotoxic drugs. The basis for drug resistance in melanoma is most likely dysregulation of apoptosis, although other mechanisms including drug transport, detoxification, and enhanced DNA repair may also play a role. Defects at multiple levels and in both major apoptotic pathways have been described in melanoma. Our laboratory has identified an inhibitor of apoptosis, termed survivin, that is expressed in melanoma and required for maintenance of melanoma cell viability. Targeting of survivin and other apoptotic regulators increases the sensitivity of melanoma cells to cytotoxic drugs, and may provide a promising new therapeutic approach to cancer.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 2001
PMID:Drug resistance in melanoma: mechanisms, apoptosis, and new potential therapeutic targets. 1183 44

Burns are very frequent. Skin cancer on burns scars are one of the known complications. The mechanisms and the risk factors of this disease are not very well known. To review the risk factors and the mechanisms of transformation of burn scars into cancer, we analyzed 67 retrospective cases of Marjolin's ulcer to describe the epidemiological features of the disease in our practice and identify the factors of relapse. Our patients are young (means age 41), mainly male (54%), with disease localized on arms and legs (88%). The initial burn was from flames (54%), charcoal or hot cooking oil (19.5%) and never from ionizing radiation. It was never a superficial burn and covered from 4 to 37% of the body surface (mean 14%). The initial treatment was medical in only 9% of cases and ended with 85% of complete healing. After 4 to 67 years of evolution, 95% of re-ulceration occurred. Abnormal lymph node and distant metastasis were diagnosed in respectively 68 and 7% of the cases. Amputation and groin dissection were respectively done in 63 and 50%. One third of patients were lost during the follow up. 25% of the cases are still alive and free of disease. We found 30% of local recurrence and 17.5% of regional recurrence. By univariate analysis we found that the factors significantly associated to loco-regional relapse are: male status (p = 0.0327), burns by cooking oil (p = 0.0118), lack of treatment during initial burn (p = 0.0001), sclerous scar (p = 0.0281), supra regional lymph nodes (p = 0.028) lack of treatment during re ulceration (p = 0.0308). Squamous cell carcinomas on burn scars are rare diseases and of bad prognosis. Mainly associated to domestic accidents they frequently occur on limbs and arms on an articulation. Metastasis is not frequent. Conservative treatment is associated with 30% of recurrence. In our practice, the relapse risk factors are male status, burns by cooking oil, lack of treatment during the initial burn, sclerous scar, supra regional lymph nodes, lack of treatment during re ulceration.
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PMID:[Cancers in the scars of thermal burns (apropos of 67 cases)]. 1195 86

Melanoma is the most deadly of skin cancers, and metastatic disease most commonly first appears in the lungs. Because most patients with early metastatic pulmonary disease are asymptomatic, routine screening with chest radiographs is the most cost-effective method of discovery. The therapy for pulmonary metastatic melanoma has drastically changed over the years. Even today there is no curative immunotherapy or chemotherapy available. The long-term overall survival for these patients is still very poor, but early detection and surgery offers the only hope for control in a small number of patients.
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PMID:Pulmonary metastasectomy for metastatic malignant melanoma. 1197 16

In the general population, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a very rare neuroendocrine primary skin cancer, known for its high propensity for local recurrence and distant metastases. Treatment for this neoplasm is individualized on the grounds of clinical staging at presentation, and may include surgical excision, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Several studies suggest that MCC occurs more frequently and with a more aggressive course in immunocompromised patients such as organ transplant recipients and those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A case of this cutaneous malignancy, characterized by a short-term local recurrence and systemic fatal spread in spite of surgical treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is described in a patient with advanced HIV infection.
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PMID:Merkel cell carcinoma in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. 1200 Mar 92

Cutaneous metastases from internal malignancies or primary skin cancers are uncommon, and a zosteriform pattern is very rare. Histologically, these cutaneous metastases usually appear as malignant epithelial cells located throughout the dermis or subcutaneous fat and without connection to the overlying epidermis. The presence of melanocytes in such lesions is atypical. Moreover, although zosteriform cutaneous metastases of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma have previously been described in immunosuppressed patients, they have not been reported in immunocompetent patients. We report an unusual case of a woman with cutaneous hyperchromic zosteriform metastases, clinically mimicking a metastatic melanoma but appearing histologically as epidermotropic and pigmented metastases of a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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PMID:Cutaneous zosteriform squamous cell carcinoma metastasis arising in an immunocompetent patient. 1207 7

Chemoprevention represents a relatively new and promising strategy whereby the use of natural or synthetic agents the process of carcinogenesis can be slowed, reversed or completely halted. Especially for the skin cancer, chemoprevention could be an important armamentarium because of increasing incidence of such cancers and because skin is continuously exposed to various environmental carcinogens that include both chemical agents and solar ultraviolet radiations. A wide range of compounds, both synthetic and naturally occurring has been shown to possess cancer chemopreventive effects in murine skin carcinogenesis models. Only a limited number of these agents have been tested for their efficacy in the human population. Here, we provide a brief review on the skin cancer chemopreventive potential and mechanism of action of various synthetic and natural agents. Many of these agents are present in daily diet and are supplemented or topically applied against prevention of various stages of skin cancer. We will also discuss the current status and future prospects of these agents for development as promising chemopreventive agents against skin cancer.
Cancer Metastasis Rev 2002
PMID:Chemoprevention of skin cancer: current status and future prospects. 1254 72


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