Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A simple procedure for the assay of specific estrogen receptors in breast cancer tissue is described. Estrogen receptors were detected in 74% of primary tumors, 71% of skin metastases and 63% of lymph node metastases. Postmenopausal patients and younger oophorectomized women had estrogen receptor-containing tumors more frequently, and at higher levels, than uncastrated, premenopausal, patients. The stability of estrogen receptors was not affected by the transportation of samples from distant hospitals, providing that they were kept frozen in Tris buffer, pH 8.0, at all times.
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PMID:Experience with a simple method for estrogen receptor assay in breast cancer. 0 1

Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and serum enzyme levels of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (psi-GTP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in 147 patients with malignancy. Levels were higher in patients (particularly with G.I., breast and lung cancers) than in normals or in patients with cancer in clinical remission. Elevations of CEA and of all three enzymes in blood were most frequent in patients with hepatic metastases. CEA elevations correlated directly with PHI levels. Seventy-eight percent of patients with metastatic G.I. cancer could be identified by CEA (greater than 5 ng/ml) alone, as well as 38% with breast cancer and 85% with lung cancer; but only 17% of other cancers could be identified by CEA alone. CEA or one or more enzymes was elevated in 64% of metastatic breast cancer patients, 92% of lung cancer and 41% of other cancers, but enzyme measurement did not increase identification of G.I. cancer over that achieved by CEA alone. These findings suggest that circulating levels of CEA, PHI, psi-GTP and LDH may reflect a direct contribution from the malignant tissue and/or liver malfunction secondary to liver replacement.
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PMID:Carcinoembryonic antigen and phosphohexose isomerase, gammaglutamyl transpeptidase and lactate dehydorgenase levels in patients with and without liver metastases. 0 19

We have reviewed our experience in a multidisciplined breast cancer clinic where we have utilized hormonal, ablative, and chemotherapetuci modalities. Our experience seesm to be similar to that of other groups in that oophorectomy treatment produces approximately a 61 per cent response (regression and arrest) rate, androgen therapy produces a 47 per cent response (regression and arrest) rate estrogen therapy produces a 40 per cent response (regression and arrest) rate, and ablative treatment produces approximately a 50 per cent response (regression and arrest) rate. Adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy showed similar response rates. Until it can be shown that hypophysectomy clearly offers enhanced benefits, this will not be utilized by our group except in those patients who cannot tolerate abdominal surgery (that is, patients with poor pulmonary reserve). Of interest is the high response rate (65 per cent) to ablative treatment in patients in whom disease exacerbates on additive hormonal treatment, with an increased duration of response and survival. Survival is increased in patients who are rebound responders after estrogen withdrawal. We expect to report data with future follow-up of this group of patients. New protocols will be instituted after review of the data in the hope of increasing clinical benefit and survival in this group of patients. Carcinoma of the breast accounts for almost 90,000 new cases of cancer a year, with metastases eventually developing in at least half of these patients. All physicians must be aware of the many complex problems associated with this disease and, hopefully, arrive at a logical approach for its control. We believe this can be achieved with a multidisciplined group approach as established at the Lahey Clinic Foundation.
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PMID:A multidisciplined approach for the treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the breast. 4 45

The semi-deep radiotherapy, performed by high-kilovoltage technique, fills a gap between superficial and megavolttherapy, as it renders possible an irradiation in focal depth of 2--4 cm, while largely preserving the deep underlying tissue. Besides which, every form of radiotherapy can be used, as under conventinal conditions. A further advantage exists in the markedly greater skin tolerance and in the low bone absorption of high-kilovoltage radiation, so that much higher focal doses can be achieved. This means that--in superficial processes--the high-voltage technique can replace the much more expensive therapy with accelerated electrons. The RT 305 equipment for high-voltage technique can be especially recommended for the following indications: 1. Skin and limph node metastases as well as tumors and metastases which are not situated deeper than 5 cm below the skin surface. Hereby, thean be exposed up to 8000 R, by small or medium cone. At the same time, in comparison to conventional X-ray therapy, the deep tissue is largely preserved. 2. Postoperative radiotherapy of tumors situated right under the skin. 3. Radiotherapy of inoperable breast cancer. 4. Irradiation of relapses on pre-exposed skin. 5. We assume that the high-voltage technique is also suitable for primary radiotherapy of larynx carcinomas, although we have no personal experience of this. 6. The palliative irradiation of deep tumors with the RT 305, due to its preservation of the skin and the relatively low bone absorption, can be performed more easily than with conventional X-ray therapy. The method of choice, however, is the megavolt-therapy. 7. Degenerative diseases and arthroses.
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PMID:[Semi-deep radiotherapy under high-kilovoltage conditions]. 4 94

Experience with technetium-phosphate compounds for skeletal scintigraphy in patients with breast cancer was analysed. When tumours were 5 cm or less in diameter (T1-2N0-1M0) metastases were demonstrated by radiographs in 1-7% (2/114). However, when radiography did not demonstrate metastases, lesions were found by scintigraphy in 41-3% (19/46). When lesions demonstrated by scintigraphy at the same site as abnormalities regarded as "benign" by radiography were excluded, 23% (11/46) had scintigraphs strongly suggestive of metastases. It is proposed that routine radiographic skeletal survey for patients presenting with breast cancer be abandoned, and replaced by skeletal scintigraphy, chest radiography, and specific localised radiographs of lesions demonstrated by scintigraphy. It is suggested that with this policy the development of expertise in interpreting scintigraphs will be accelerated, the cost of pre-treatment assessment will be reduced, and clinical management rationalised.
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PMID:Evaluation of radiography and isotopic scintigraphy for detecting skeletal metastases in breast cancer. 5 41

As tables show, hormone treatment may be useful for control of the growth of endometrial and mammary cancers. Although endocrine treatment is to be used only where metastasis has already occurred 70% of all breast cancer patients eventually reach this stage, lending importance to endocrine treatment as well as chemotherapy as life-lengthening (though not curative) methods. Control of tumor growth is possible through altering the hormonal milieu of the host organ and through direct influence on the tumor cells. Measures may be ablative (removal of hormone-producing glands) or additive (e.g., use of steroids, as shown in detail in the tables). Progestagen, in high doses, produces atrophy of the endometrium and is associated with objective remission in at least 30-40% of cases of progressive endometrial carcinomas. In breast cancer cases, endocrine treatment is most suitable for premenopausal women or women at least 5 years past menopause; location of the metastases is among the other factors to be considered.
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PMID:[Endocrine treatment of gynecologic carcinomas]. 5 26

The best combination of methods for managing primary breast cancer may not yet be known. Radiation therapy has been proved effective in decreasing the incidence of local and regional recurrence following mastectomy. Thus, until a superior regimen is established, I recommend local and regional irradiation for patients at high risk for recurrence. Local irradiation is also an effective means of achieving palliation of symptoms associated with metastatic disease.
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PMID:Appraising current therapy for breast cancer. 2. Irradiation. 5 23

Five tumor markers were measured simultaneously in serum by radioimmunoassay: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HGC), the beta subunit of HCG, and Kappa casein. In a population of 935 normal subjects these antigens were undetectable or found within precise limits. In patients with tumors of various origins the rate of pathologically elevated levels was 72% at the beginning of the clinical course (194 cases). This high rate was primarily due to the simultaneous measurement of CEA, betaHCG, HCG, and casein. AFP was of little importance. The simultaneous measurement of these tumor markers may be one biochemical element of diagnosis of carcinoma, although this criterion is neither absolute nor specific, as 14.7% of patients with non-neoplastic disorders (234 cases) were positive for one antigen. In the presence of metastases (112 cases) the rate of pathologic levels of at least one antigen was increased: 86% due to CEA and casein assay at the same time as their absolute levels were increased. Surgical removal reduces the rate of positivity of these antigens to 37%. As was shown in patients with breast cancer, the rate was 10% when the tumor had been removed at Stage N- and 54% when it was removed at Stage N+. Thus, the persistence of pathologic levels could be correlated with the capacity for recurrence or metastases. Finally chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, do not decrease the rate of positivity of the tumor markers.
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PMID:Simultaneous assays of cancer-associated antigens in various neoplastic disorders. 6 15

The length of survival of 302 patients with breast cancer first treated between 1946 and 1949, who had mostly only contemporary radiotherapy for metastases, has been reviewed and compared with that of 578 patients, first treated between 1966 and 1969, who had modern endocrine therapy, cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Although patients in the latter group demonstrated a significantly increased length of survival after the first metastases appeared, these differences were not substantial. In spite of impressive regressions in some patients with metastatic breast cancer after modern palliative therapy, the median survival after the first appearance of metastases has been increased only by about 6 months.
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PMID:Effect of current palliative treatment on the survival of patients with breast cancer. 6 91

Nineteen biochemical parameters, most of which have been individually advocated as tumour-index-substances for breast cancer, were measured in 51 patients with breast disease, 42 of whom had active breast cancer. Seven of these parameters were raised in more than half of the 17 patients of the series with overt metastases; these were serum ferritin (88%), C-reactive protein (87%), carcinoembryonic antigen (81%), acid glycoprotein (75%), total alkaline phosphatase (64%), sialyl transferase (56%), andthe urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (73%). The incidence of biochemical abnormalities in patients in this group compared favourably with the results of physical methods of detecting metastases. 7 of 16 further patients without evidence of distant metastases, but who had a poor prognosis as judged by histology of the primary tumour and axillary lymph-nodes, had abnormalities of at least one of the seven parameters. 3 of these patients have relapsed within a year of mastectomy. The results suggest that these biochemical tests could assist in monitoring metastatic disease and could indicate at the time of mastectomy, patients who might benefit from immediate systemic therapy in addition to local treatment of their breast carcinomas.
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PMID:Biochemical markers in human breast cancer. 6 63


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