Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027627 (metastases)
 103,950 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

57Co-Bleomycin (57Co-BLM) was used to visualize malignancies of the head and neck because it does not present the disadvantages of many other radiopharmaceuticals. In a series of 21 patients with 9 control subjects and 12 cases of tumors. 57Co-BLM showed a high and rapid uptake in primary site and metastases of malignant tumors of various histologic types, but not in benign tumors such as angiofibromas. Compared to 67Ga-citrate. 57Co-BLM has many advantages for tumor imaging in the areas of nose, pharynx and larynx: No background activity due to the concentration of 57Co-BLM in normal structures of the head and neck has ever been observed, as opposed to what happens with 67Ga-citrate. Furthermore, the blood clearance of 57Co-BLM is much more rapid than that of 67Ga-citrate, so that an early study may be performed in a 6-24 hr. interval instead of 48-72 hr. with 67Ga-citrate. 57Co-BLM scintigraphy is an easy, non-invasive and sensible diagnostic technique in determining the extent of malignant tumors in ORL patients.
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PMID:57Co-bleomycin imaging study of tumors of the head and neck. 7 63

The recent histological classifications of breast malignant epithelial tumours place increased emphasis on several concepts: in situ carcinoma, difference of lobular carcinoma from other forms of breast cancer and histological factors of prognosis. The authors propose to discriminate: non infiltrating duct carcinoma (intraductal carcinoma); lobular carcinoma (in situ and infiltrating); infiltrating duct carcinoma in their usual form (80 p. 100 about of all breast carcinoma); among them, histological types with a less ominous prognosis, although relatively rare, are stressed (infiltrating papillary and comedo-carcinomas, tubular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, cylindroma, certain metaplastic variants, Paget's disease of the nipple); some features in unusual hosts are related. They mention the criteria of the Scarff and Bloom's "grading" and its importance from the point of view of prognosis, mainly for the usual infiltrating forms. Other malignant tumours of the breast (malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes, sarcomas, mammary metastases) are more scarcely seen (I p. 100 of the mammary neoplasms): their classification is succinctly recalled.
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PMID:[Histological classification of malignant breast neoplasms. Recent concepts]. 17 53

At the conclusion of this study based on a careful histological analysis of 454 mastectomy specimens carried out at the Institut Gustave-Roussy between 1966 and 1971 it appears that 39 per cent of tumours which are neither central nor deep to the nipple have microscopic foci outside the main focus of tumour of which 24 per cent are at the level of the single nipple. The importance of these extensions is bound up with the size and histological type of the adenocarcinoma: pure intraduct and infiltrating lobular forms are accompanied frequently by microscopic intramammary foci at a distance (89% and 72%) the opposite of findings in the case of well differentiated and medullary forms. On the other hand no connection between the Scarff and Bloom grading is apparent except where the nipple only is involved. Finally there is a strong relationship between intramammary dissemination and regional lymph node metastases.
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PMID:[Intramammary spread of breast cancer]. 19 99

Among the various factors reported as having significant prognostic value in primary breast cancers, the author discusses the value of well established "classical" prognostic factors used routinely and "new" prognostic factors developed over recent years as a result of progress in cell and molecular biology. The presence of axillary lymph node metastases remains the most important prognostic factor of recurrence, justifying post-surgical adjuvant therapy. However, in patients with negative axillary nodes (N-), the size of the tumour, Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR and MSBR) histological grade, certain particular histological types (carcinoma in situ and tubular, colloid or pure papillary cancer) and hormone receptors (ER and PR) appear to be well established prognostic factors allowing the identification, within this group of N- patients who generally have a good prognosis, those patients with a low risk of recurrence and therefore not requiring adjuvant therapy. In contrast, the proliferative activity (ploidy and S phase, Thymidine Labeling Index, antibody Ki67), cathepsin D, thymidine kinase, EGF receptors, several genes including oncogene HER-2/neu, are recently developed prognostic factors whose significance needs to be confirmed by further studies.
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PMID:[Prognostic factors in breast cancer]. 134 Jan 64

In 1983, the German Breast Cancer Study Group (GBSG), sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, started a prospective multicenter trial on the treatment of early breast cancer (pT1 pN0 M0). This was preceded by a three-year reviewing period because of some novelties of medical, juristical and ethical problems in the FRG. University and, in the majority, community hospitals participated, combining all together 69 different institutions. From 11/1983 to 12/1989, 1112 patients were recruited. From 1036 patients, 733 underwent breast preservation (71%) and 303 mastectomy (29%). The randomization rate was only 6%. In 268 patients (26%) the tumor size was less than or equal to 10 mm, in 765 patients (74%) 11 to 22 mm. In 129 cases, we subdivided the tumor grading II[3] into IIa and IIb. Moreover, the immunohistochemical detection of the transmembrane proteins EGFR, p-185 and p-148 by oncogene overexpression and c-myc oncogene were undertaken in 425 breast cancers. After tumorectomy (or wide excision) and a lower axillary dissection (at least eight lymph nodes) the breast was irradiated up to 50 Gy in 25 fractions. A boost of 12 Gy was given to the tumor bed. The medial located lymph nodes were also irradiated in case of medially or centrally tumors. Quality control was performed by pathological, radiotherapeutic and methodical reference centers. Significant correlations could be demonstrated between receptor status and tumor grading, patient age and grading, and tumor size and grading. The results emphasize the central role of tumor grading among the prognostic factors. Especially the differentiation of the Bloom and Richardson score II into IIa and IIb seems to play an important role. After a median follow-up of 41 months, the frequency of local recurrences (4.4%), regional recurrences (1%) and distant metastases (4.6%) was exactly the same in both treatment groups. In multivariate analysis, only tumor size and tumor grading had a significant impact on disease-free survival. 23 patients with tumor-involved margins had a higher recurrence rate (DFS 62% versus 85% after five years). Without any impact on DFS were the other conventionally evaluated prognostic factors: age, menopausal status, hormone receptor status, histological tumor type, tumor localisation, degree of differentiation, pleomorphism, mitotic index and degree of dissociation. Among the transmembrane proteins EGFR, p-185, p-148 and c-myc, only the impact of p-185 and EGRF positivity on DSF is significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Breast preservation versus mastectomy in early breast cancer--1991 update of the GBSG 1--protocol and prognostic factors. The German Breast Cancer Study Group. 157 68

Different results have been reported on the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human melanocytic lesions, which may be due to different methodologic approaches. Therefore, we compared EGFR expression in six human melanoma cell lines by utilizing the monoclonal antibodies 2E9, 425, and 225, applying four immunocytochemical staining procedures. The results were compared with those obtained by a multiple point ligand binding assay. In addition, Northern blot analysis was performed. A three-step immunoperoxidase method using the monoclonal antibody 2E9 proved most sensitive. Staining intensities, estimated semiquantitatively, correlated well with the quantitative data obtained by the ligand-binding assay. Expression on the mRNA level was also in agreement with these results. Immunohistochemical staining of a large series of human cutaneous melanocytic lesions using the method selected showed differential EGFR expression in various stages of melanocytic tumor progression: 19% of common nevocellular nevi; 61% of dysplastic nevi, 89% of primary cutaneous melanomas, and 91% of melanoma metastases showed staining of the melanocytic cells. Intralesional heterogeneity of EGFR expression was present. Although the mean percentage of positive melanocytic cells in positive lesions did not increase with progression, mean staining intensity was stronger in malignant lesions compared to benign lesions. Ligand binding assays showed that EGFR expression in the highly metastasizing cell lines MV3 and BLM was at least 40 times higher than in the cell lines IF6, 530, M14, and Mel57, which do not or only sporadically metastasize after subcutaneous inoculation in nude mice. Although the differences between the various stages of progression are not absolute, we provide further evidence that EGFR expression increases in human melanocytic tumor progression.
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PMID:Increasing epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human melanocytic tumor progression. 162 28

Pathologic features of 378 breast carcinomas without axillary lymph node metastases were correlated with long-term prognosis. Mitotic count, the feature best predicting prognosis, was most useful at lower mitotic count levels than usually studied. Cases with less than 4.5 mitotic figures per ten high-power fields had a 20-year tumor-related survival of 73% versus 48% for those with higher mitotic counts. Low and high mitotic count groups had significantly different prognoses for T1c, T2, and T3 tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that the best combination of features predicting tumor-related death were high mitotic count (relative risk, x 2.8), large tumor size (relative risk, x 1.7), lymphatic invasion (relative risk, x 1.7), and skin or subjacent muscle or chest wall invasion (relative risk, x 2.5). Nuclear grade, Bloom-Richardson grade, modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade, Fisher's grade, and necrosis correlated well with survival but had no significant additional predictive value when adjusted for the mitotic count.
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PMID:Pathologic correlates of survival in 378 lymph node-negative infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas. Mitotic count is the best single predictor. 165 5

Tissue sections were taken from 187 cases of invasive ductal mammary carcinoma (among them 94 cases with lymph node metastases, average follow-up period being 44 months) and, after Feulgen staining, were investigated by automated microscopic image analysis. A comparison was made, with reference to survival periods, between the relevance to prognosis of nuclear image analysis and results obtained from histopathological grading, according to Bloom and Richardson (1957), as well as findings recorded from image analysis of DNA. Histopathological grading was found to be of poor reproducibility (71.1%). While statistically significant differences were found to exist between survival curves of Grades I and III patients, grading proved to be of minor importance to prognostic assessment of the individual case, with the number of G-II cases being relatively high (42.7%). Results of better reproducibility were achievable from the quantitative morphological method of nuclear image analysis. Its forecasting value with regard to good or poor prognosis was clearly higher than that of histopathological grading, and the number of cases with obscure or dubious prognosis was clearly lower (18.9%). DNA ploidy measurement, using DNA histogram types according to Auer (1980), has proved to be another method by which prognostically favourable and unfavourable cases can be distinguished from each other with statistical significance, though its classification quality (70.5%) still was unambiguously below that achievable by nuclear image analysis (79%).
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PMID:[Morphological possibilities for objectification of the prognosis for invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast]. 171 9

Feulgen-stained tissue sections of 187 invasive ductal carcinomas (94 with lymph node metastases; mean follow-up: 44 months) were studied using computer assisted image cytometry. Based on survival time, the prognostic significance of nuclear image analysis was compared with the results using conventional histopathological grading according to Bloom and Richardson, as well as with image cytometric DNA measurements. The histopathological grading has the disadvantage of poor interobserver reproducibility (71.1%). Despite statistically significant differences between the actuarial survival curves of grade 1 and grade 3 patients, the prognostic significance of the conventional grading method for individual patients seems to be low and the number of grade 2 cases (42.8%) is large. The quantitative morphological method for analyzing nuclear images gives more reproducible results. Compared to histopathological grading, the predictive values for good or poor prognosis are clearly higher and the number of cases with uncertain prognosis is significantly smaller (20.9%). DNA ploidy measurements also make it possible to distinguish statistically significant differences between favorable and unfavorable prognoses with respect to over-all survival time. However, the classification accuracy based on the best single parameter (DNA-histogram type according to Auer) is 70.2% compared with 78.9% for nuclear image analysis.
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PMID:Use of nuclear image cytometry, histopathological grading and DNA cytometry to make breast cancer prognosis more objective. 175 2

The ability of cultured human fibroblasts to reorganize and contract three dimensional collagen I gels is regarded as an in vitro model for the reorganization of connective tissue during wound healing. We investigated whether adhesion receptors of the integrin family are involved. It was found that synthesis and transcription of the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin (but not of alpha 1 beta 1 or alpha 3 beta 1) is selectively upregulated when fibroblasts are seeded into type I collagen gels. Time course experiments revealed that high synthetic levels of alpha 2 beta 1 parallel the gel contraction process and return to "baseline" levels after the contraction has subsided. Furthermore, function-blocking mAbs directed to the alpha 2 and beta 1 chain of integrins inhibited gel contraction. Remodelling of connective tissue can be important for tumor cells during invasion and formation of metastases. Therefore, we tested human melanoma cell lines for this function. Five out of nine melanoma lines contracted collagen gels in vitro. Among these, two highly aggressive melanoma cell lines (MV3 and BLM) most efficiently contracted gels almost reaching the rate of normal adult fibroblasts. In these cells, synthesis of alpha 2 beta 1 was also significantly upregulated when seeded into collagen I gels. Moreover, function blocking anti-alpha 2 in conjunction with anti-beta 1 chain mAbs completely inhibited gel contraction for several days. Other melanoma cells (530) with lower metastatic potential which were not able to contract gels, showed no induction of alpha 2 beta 1 synthesis in gel culture. Our results suggest an important role of integrin alpha 2 beta 1 in the contraction of collagen I by normal diploid fibroblasts during wound healing and in the reorganization of collagen matrices by highly aggressive human melanoma cells.
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PMID:Integrin alpha 2 beta 1 is upregulated in fibroblasts and highly aggressive melanoma cells in three-dimensional collagen lattices and mediates the reorganization of collagen I fibrils. 195 83


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