Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This literature review compares the merits and disadvantages of the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD made by Leiras Pharmaceuticals, Turkey, Finland (LNG-IUD-20), with the Nova-T, Copper-T (TCu) and 220C, and Copper-T-38-Ag (TCu-380Ag). This IUD releases 20 mcg levonorgestrel daily from a Silastic sleeve on the vertical shaft containing 52 mg. The plasma level stabilized after a month at about 0.2 ng/ml, about half as high as that seen with Norplant implants. It is identical in size to the Nova-T. The Cu-T IUDs differ with respect to copper wire or sleeves, or silver-cored wire. The chief studies reviewed here were 2 multi-center trails primarily in European countries, and a 2 large multi-center trials in India. Cumulative pregnancy rates were 0.0 to 0.6 per 100 users for the LNG IUD, compared to slightly higher failures for inert or copper IUDs. While removal rates for bleeding, pain and pelvic inflammatory disease were lower for the LNG-IUD-20, removals for oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea and hormonal side effects were higher than for the other IUDS. In the Indian trials, removals for amenorrhea and irregular bleeding were much higher than rates reported in the European studies, resulting in significantly lower continuation rates overall. The results pointed to district benefits for the LNG-IUD-20, such as lower blood loss and anemia, relief of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia, as well as possible lower risks of ectopic pregnancy in case of failure, less PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), and the claim by the maker that strictly correct placement is not necessary. Disadvantages of the LNG-IUD-20 are more difficult insertion due to the wider diameter; oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea and irregular bleeding; hormonal side effects such as acne, weight gain, nausea, headache and breast tension; and potential risk of functional ovarian cysts. The LNG-IUD-20 is considered comparable to copper IUDs in effectiveness, safety, longevity, and return to fertility after removal. Users should be counseled that the oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea is neither a medical problem or indicative of infertility, is common for the 1st 2 months, is reversible on removal, may signal an improved hemoglobin profile, relief of dysmenorrhea, and may be preferred to heavy bleeding from other IUDS. The program implications of this IUD are potential lower incidence of ectopic pregnancy and PID. The effect of its use on breast feeding, cost-effectiveness compared to Norplant, in-country manufacture, and cultural acceptance need to be determined in specific locales.
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PMID:An evaluation of the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD: its advantages and disadvantages when compared to the copper-releasing IUDs. 177 15

Synthetic estrogen-gestagen preparations represent a practically 100% efficient birth control method that in addition have a regulating effect on the menstrual cycle, while lowering the frequency with which such diseases as PID. However, side effects due to the metabolic influence of the steroids limit their usage. During recent years, contraceptives with varying steroid contents, imitating the variations of the level of sex hormones in the blood during the menstrual cycle, so-called triphasic contraceptives, have been used. The article describes a comparative study of the efficiency and tolerance of two hormonal contraceptives, containing low doses of steroid components: monophasic Rigevidon and triphasic Triquilar. 110 healthy women aged 20-41 using these two contraceptives for a period of 3-12 months were observed. 14.5% using Rigevidon and 16.4% using Triquilar developed side-effects, e.g., coarsened mammary glands and gastrointestinal irregularities (with a frequency almost twice as high for Rigevidon users), headaches, and nausea. The side effects usually occurred during the first months of usage and then disappeared. Intermenstrual bleeding was observed 1.5 times less frequently for users of Rigevidon. No instances of arterial hypertension were reported. Planned pregnancies occurred for 14 of 15 patients within 6 months after discontinuation of the contraceptive. Spontaneous menstruation reoccurred during 26-35 days for all patients taking Rigevidon and for 96.5% of women using Triquilar. Triquilar shows less pronounced influence on the systolic and diastolic indicators than Rigevidon and the frequency of interrupted menstrual cycles during the first months of contraception was lower. High efficiency, low frequency of side effects, absence of clinically manifested complications reflect the high acceptability of the estrogen-gestagen-containing contraceptives, Rigevidon and Triquilar.
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PMID:[Acceptability of hormonal contraceptives with a low steroid content]. 319 8

Tramadol hydrochloride is a novel, centrally acting analgesic with two complementary mechanisms of action: opioid and aminergic. Relative to codeine, tramadol has similar analgesic properties but may have fewer constipating, euphoric, and respiratory depressant effects. A two-center randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial was performed to assess the analgesic efficacy and reported side effects of tramadol 100 mg, tramadol 50 mg, codeine 60 mg, aspirin (ASA) 650 mg with codeine 60 mg, and placebo. Using a third molar extraction pain model, 200 healthy subjects were enrolled in a 6-hour evaluation after a single dose of drug. Of the 200 patients enrolled, seven provided incomplete efficacy data or discontinued prematurely and one was lost to follow-up. Using standard measures of analgesia, including total pain relief score (TOTPAR), maximum pain relief score (MaxPAR), sum of pain intensity difference scores (SPID), peak pain intensity difference (Peak PID), remedication, and global evaluations, all active treatments were found to be numerically superior to placebo. ASA/codeine was found to be statistically superior to placebo for all measures of efficacy. Tramadol 100 mg was statistically superior to placebo for TOTPAR, SPID, and time of remedication, whereas tramadol 50 mg was statistically superior to placebo onlyfor remedication time. Codeine was not found to be statistically superior to placebo for any efficacy measure. A greater TOTPAR response compared with all other active measures was seen for ASA/codeine during the first 3 hours of study. The 6-hour TOTPAR scores for the tramadol groups and ASA/ codeine group were not significantly different. Gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, dysphagia, vomiting) were reported more frequently with tramadol 100 mg, ASA/ codeine, and codeine 60 mg than with placebo.
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PMID:Tramadol hydrochloride: analgesic efficacy compared with codeine, aspirin with codeine, and placebo after dental extraction. 965 May 46