Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adverse reactions to the drugs employed in the National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study were sought prospectively at each patient visit and by retrospective review of all patient charts. Prednisone caused evident side effects in over 50% of patients on high-dose suppressive therapy and in approximately one-third of patients on prophylactic dose. Thirty-two percent of patients on high-dose, and 26% on prophylactic-dose prednisone required dose reduction or withdrawal because of side effects. Comparable figures for sulfasalazine were 14% and 12%, and for azathioprine 32% and 20%. The incidence of nausea, vomiting, or anorexia among patients taking sulfasalazine was 46% and 34%, on high and low dose respectively; however, this incidence was no different than that observed among patients taking placebo. These symptoms occasioned withdrawal from the study of only 4% and 3% of patients on high and low doses of sulfasalazine, respectively. Azathioprine produced leukopenia at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight in 15% of patients and the mean white cell count, lymphocyte count, granulocyte count, and hematocrit all fell significantly in patients on this dose. Pancreatitis occurred in 5% of patients taking azathioprine but in no other patients. Sulfasalazine proved to be the safest effective suppressive drug for Crohn's disease. Prednisone toxicity, though substantial, is acceptable in view of its demonstrated suppressive efficacy. Azathioprine was approximately as toxic as prednisone but no more effective than placebo in suppressing active disease. None of the drugs was effective prophylactically, and all showed appreciable long-term toxicity.
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PMID:National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: adverse reactions to study drugs. 3 77

This is the first report from Ethiopia of a case of cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with AIDS. A 20-year-old woman was admitted to Tikur Anbessa Hospital in January 1990 with complaints of generalized pruritic skin lesions of six months, and headache, fever, and poor appetite of three months duration. The headache and low-grade intermittent fever were accompanied by nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and progressive weight loss, without diarrhea. She had had multiple sex partners. Upon admission, after being bedridden for two weeks, she appeared acutely ill and restless. Her temperature was 39.5 degrees Celsius, and she had oral thrush. There was no lymphadenopathy. Widespread, irregular erythematous and whitish macular patches (3 x 5 to 8 x 10 sq. cm in size) with peripheral scaling and tiny vesicles were found on the skin, pubic and perineal regions. She had neck stiffness, but was conscious and well-oriented. Hemoglobin (Hb) was 10.5 g%; the white cell count (WBC) was 3400/cu. mm; the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 92 mm/hr; the platelet count was 175,000/mm; and blood films were negative for hemoparasites. Urinalysis showed 3+ albumin and many pus cells and red cells/HPF. Urine culture was negative, and the VDRL test was nonreactive. Lumbar puncture, which was performed upon arrival, showed clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with normal protein and glucose levels and no cells. CSF culture showed yeast cells, and an India ink preparation was positive for Cryptococcus neoformans. Blood taken for bacterial culture grew yeast cells. Renal and liver function tests, and chest x-rays were normal. A potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation from a skin snip showed rounded yeast cells. ELISA and Western blot tests were both positive. The patient was given supportive treatment and amphotericin B (0.6 mg/kg daily). Although the fever decreased, the patient's general condition did not improve. She complained of headache, photophobia, nausea, and vomiting. Lumbar puncture was repeated eight days after the start of treatment; CSF culture and India ink preparations were negative. Urea nitrogen (BUN) repeated two weeks later was normal. Four weeks after admission, the patient suddenly vomited massive amounts of fresh blood and died before transfusion could be given. A discussion follows regarding the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease, particularly in AIDS patients, with a review of the literature.
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PMID:Cryptococcal meningitis in a young Ethiopian woman with AIDS. 139 20

The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) studied the response rate and toxicity of piroxantrone (150 mg/m2 q 21 days) in patients with advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Among 32 eligible patients, there were no partial nor complete responses. There were two mixed responses. Significant white cell toxicity, anemia, nausea, and vomiting were observed. Mild or moderate degrees of fever, malaise, and stomatitis occurred. No significant cardiac toxicity was noted. Piroxantrone does not have significant activity as a single agent in advanced renal cell carcinoma.
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PMID:Phase II evaluation of piroxantrone in renal cell carcinoma. A Southwest Oncology Group Study. 150 Feb 67

We describe five cases of headache due to spontaneous liquoral hypotension, the syndrome comprising sudden, intense and oppressive orthostatic holocranial headache. The headache improved in the recumbent position and was accompanied by nausea and sometimes vomiting. There was no history of lumbar puncture or previous trauma. CSF tension was low or negative. The CSF showed a raised protein content and increased red and white cell counts. CT scan was normal or showed a slit ventricular system. Improvement was complete three to eight weeks from onset. The treatment consisted of bed rest and oral and parenteral fluid replacement. An isotope cisternography carried out in all patients while the headache was present showed a cisternographic pattern characterized by a combination of premature elimination and failure to detect the isotope at the cerebral convexity. Scan images did not show CSF leakage at any site. This stereotyped reaction pattern suggests that CSF hyperabsorption is the most likely pathophysiological mechanism of this entity.
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PMID:Cisternographic pattern of spontaneous liquoral hypotension. 236 Dec 21

Differences in the pharmacokinetics of alcohol absorption and elimination are, in part, genetically determined. There are polymorphic variants of the two main enzymes responsible for ethanol oxidation in liver, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. The frequency of occurrence of these variants, which have been shown to display strikingly different catalytic properties, differs among different racial populations. Since the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in liver is a rate-limiting factor for ethanol metabolism in experimental animals, it is likely that the type and content of the polymorphic isoenzyme subunit encoded at ADH2, beta-subunit, and at ADH3, the gamma-subunit, are contributing factors to the genetic variability in ethanol elimination rate. The recent development of methods for genotyping individuals at these loci using white cell DNA will allow us to test this hypothesis as well as any relationship between ADH genotype and the susceptibility to alcoholism or alcohol-related pathology. A polymorphic variant of human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, ADLH2, which has little or no acetaldehyde oxidizing activity has been identified. Individuals with the deficient ALDH2 phenotype do not have altered ethanol elimination rates but they do exhibit high blood acetaldehyde levels and dysphoric symptoms such as facial flushing, nausea and tachycardia, after drinking alcohol. Because acetaldehyde is so reactive, it binds to free amino groups of proteins including a 37 kilodalton hepatic protein-acetaldehyde adduct and may elicit an antibody response. We would predict that individuals who have low ALDH2 activity because of liver disease or because they have the inactive ALDH2 variant isoenzyme might form more protein-acetaldehyde adducts and elicit a greater immune response. These adducts may represent good biological markers of alcohol abuse and may also play a role in liver injury due to chronic alcohol consumption.
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PMID:Genetic polymorphism of enzymes of alcohol metabolism and susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease. 306 25

An open, multi-centre, general practice study was carried out in 80 patients with acute diarrhoea to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of treatment with a liquid formulation of smectite, a hydrated aluminium-magnesium silicate (Liquid 'Diasorb'), and loperamide. Patients were allocated at random to receive one or other treatment for a maximum of 48 hours. Thirty-three of the patients on the smectite preparation and 30 of those on loperamide had acute diarrhoea of at least 24 hours but no longer than 48 hours in duration. Patients received a daily dose of 6 to 9 g smectite or 8 to 12 mg loperamide, depending on the symptoms. Details of red and white cell counts, serum electrolyte concentrations and stool culture for pathogens and parasites were recorded on entry and after 1 week. The results, judged in terms of resolution of symptoms after 2 and 7 days, doctor and patient assessment of response to therapy, and incidence of side-effects, showed that both treatments were equally effective and well-tolerated. Two patients were withdrawn, 1 patient (Liquid 'Diasorb') because of lack of response and the other (loperamide) because of dryness of the mouth and nausea. Laboratory parameters remained unchanged apart from a slight decrease in leucocytes in both groups.
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PMID:A new suspension form of smectite (Liquid 'Diasorb') for the treatment of acute diarrhoea: a randomized comparative study. 317 25

Recombinant interferon-gamma was given to patients with tumours by a six-hour intravenous infusion using a portable mini-pump, to assess the side-effects of the drug. At present, 11 patients have been treated; 2 adenocarcinoma of the ovary, 3 squamous carcinoma of the bronchus, 1 adenocarcinoma of the breast, 1 adenocarcinoma of the stomach, 1 Hodgkin's lymphoma, 1 case of two primaries, adenocarcinoma of the breast and ovary, and 1 adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. Two patients received 1 X 10(6) units/m2/infusion, four received 3 X 10(6) U/m2/inf., three received 6 X 10(6) U/m2/inf. and two received 9 X 10(6) U/m2/inf. Two further dose levels will be used in the future; 27 and 51 X 10(6) U/m2/inf. Three 6-hour infusions a week were given for a four week period. The major side-effects of gamma-interferon were dose-related pyrexia with rigors to which there was no tachyphylaxis, acute and chronic tiredness, nausea with or without vomiting, headache, backache and myalgia. There was also a dose-dependent immediate but mild and transient decrease in the total white cell count. All effects have been transient, and none have been severe. We have also noticed that intravenous infusions by mini-pumps are tolerated far better by the patients than conventional drip systems, and we feel mini-pumps are the ideal way to give intravenous infusions.
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PMID:A phase 1 study of recombinant interferon-gamma given intravenously by portable mini-pump: a preliminary report. 624 30

An 83-year-old woman, largely bedridden since a stroke 2 years before, was hospitalized because of upper abdominal pain, nausea and obstipation. She had regularly been taking laxatives of the anthraquinone type. She had a fever of 38.6 degrees C and leukocytosis (14,900/microliters). Radiological examination revealed volvulus of the sigmoid colon with ileus. As she vehemently refused an operation, it was attempted to reduce the volvulus endoscopically. At the first coloscopy the volvulus was untwisted. At that time there were already areas of necrosis in the rectosigmoid and descending sigmoid portions. As the volvulus recurred three days later, another coloscopic derotation was performed, this time with fixation of the sigmoid by three gastrostomy tubes for 20 days. The further course was uncomplicated, the patient had regular bowel movements and became free of fever and symptoms. The white cell count returned to normal and the intestinal mucosa healed histologically without scarring. There has been no recurrence for 10 months. The conventional treatment of volvulus of the sigmoid is decompression followed by sigmoid resection. This case describes for the first time the nonoperative treatment by percutaneous endoscopic colopexy.
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PMID:[Percutaneous endoscopic colopexy--a new treatment possibility for volvulus of the sigmoid]. 771 43

A 55-year-old female presented with sore throat and slight fever. The patient was admitted to our hospital on December 13, 1993. Full blood count showed hemoglobin 10.7 g/dl, white cell count 960/microliters (neutrophils 14%, lymphocytes 82%, blasts 2%) and platelets 13,000/microliters. Bone marrow examination showed hypocellularity with 4.5% of myeloblast positive for peroxidase. The bone marrow specimens on Dec. 20 showed 15.5% of myeloblasts, some of which had Auer rods. These findings led to the diagnosis of refractory anemia with excess myeloblast in transformation (RAEB-T) of French-American-British Cooperative Group. The patient was transfused and treated with cytarabine ocfosfate (SP-AC) (100 mg tid) and 6-mercaptopurine (50 mg tid) for 14 days. During chemotherapy she complained of nausea and anorexia, but they were managed easily with medication. On Feb. 7, 1994, forty-two days after the start of administration, peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate were compatible with a complete remission. Although complete remission was sustained with courses of chemotherapy for 4 months, relapse occurred and the patient died of septicemia on August 29, 1994 after induction failure. Observation suggested that oral SPAC in combination with 6-mercaptopurine had a good antileukemic effect on the myelodysplastic syndrome. However, the duration response was short, and further improvement of the therapy is needed.
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PMID:[Refractory anemia with excess myeloblast in transformation induced remission by combined oral administration of cytarabine ocfosfate and 6-mercaptopurine]. 779 1

Nineteen workers (18 males, 1 female) of a garbage dump (mean age 39.9 years, range 19-58 years) were admitted to our hospital because of inhalation of a hydrazine-like gas of unknown origin. They complained of an ammoniacal odor with sweet taste followed by burning of the eyes, rawness in the throat and dyspnea, dizziness and nausea. Ten patients (group A) arrived about 2 h after they had experienced their first symptoms. The nine other patients (group B) were admitted about 70 h later. On the second day the white cell counts were significantly elevated compared to those of the days before and after (P < 0.02-0.005). The lung function showed in two patients a moderate obstruction. The PO2 was significantly reduced within 1 to 12 h after admission (P < 0.02-0.005) compared to the measurement before (P < 0.005) and after 25 (P < 0.02) and 50 (P < 0.01) h. A significantly reduced PCO2 was found after 25 h compared to the time of admission (P < 0.03). These investigations show that workers of a garbage dump had an alarming decrease of oxygen after inhalation of nitrogenous gases released by the trash.
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PMID:Acute intoxication of a hydrazine-like gas by 19 workers in a garbage dump. 811 90


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