Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. One hundred patients with severe essential hypertension have been treated with minoxidil for a mean period of 8-4 months in a study involving eleven European centres. Seventy-two males and twenty-eight females were included in the group; the mean age was 55 years and the initial supine systolic and diastolic pressures averaged 212 (range 150-270) and 125 (range 90-150) mmHg respectively. 2. Reduction of supine diastolic pressure to less than 100 mmHg occurred in 94% of patients within 4 weeks. After the average follow-up period of 8-4 months the mean pressures were 151/91 mmHg. Concomitant therapy with beta-receptor-blocking agents and diuretics resulted in satisfactory control of heart rate and weight gain. 3. Side effects included increased hair growth, nausea, fatigue, rash and darkening of the skin. ECG showed mainly T-wave changes and echocardiographic examination indicated improved ventricular emptying.
Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl 1976 Dec
PMID:The use of minoxidil in the treatment of severe essential hypertension: a report on 100 patients. 107 84

Fifty-four patients with advanced malignancies were treated on this phase I trial of coumarin and cimetidine. The dose of coumarin was escalated, with three patients treated at each dose level, while the cimetidine dose was held constant at 300 mg four times daily. Patients received coumarin alone as a single daily oral dose for 14 days; on day 15, cimetidine was added and both drugs were continued until progression of disease. This trial was initiated with patients receiving coumarin at 400 mg daily and closed at 7 g daily with four of five patients on this dose experiencing nausea and vomiting. Treatment was generally well tolerated over a wide range of coumarin doses. Symptomatic side effects were few, mild, and usually self limited. Side effects included insomnia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness. Two patients withdrew from therapy because of daily nausea and vomiting. Typically, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness occurred 2.5-3 hours after a dose of coumarin. In most patients, these side effects abated spontaneously with continuation of therapy. There was no significant hematologic or renal toxicity. Hepatotoxicity occurred in only one patient and was manifested by asymptomatic abnormal elevations of serum hepatic transaminases. This toxicity was reversible upon interruption of therapy. Objective tumor regressions were observed in six patients with renal cell carcinoma. Responses occurred at coumarin doses ranging from 600 mg to 5 g daily. Coumarin is a relatively nontoxic, oral, outpatient therapy that warrants further investigations for the treatment of human malignancies. Because of its low toxicity, there is potential for combining coumarin with chemotherapeutic and/or biological agents in an attempt to improve on efficacy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mol Biother 1991 Sep
PMID:Phase I evaluation of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) and cimetidine in patients with advanced malignancies. 176 68

A novel approach to adoptive immunotherapy is described in this study. Of 13 patients with malignant effusions, nine were treated by intraperitoneal (IP) instillation of intracavitary lymphocytes (ICL), activated ex vivo by recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2, Cetus Co., Emeryville, CA) with escalating doses of IP rIL-2 and four by IP rIL-2 alone. ICL and rIL-2 were administered by repeated peritoneal punctures. Patients were divided into two groups: group I of six patients, who received activated ICL with low doses of IP rIL-2 (total dose not exceeding 6 X 10(5) units) and group II of seven patients, in whom escalating higher doses of rIL-2 were administered IP with or without activated ICL, in doses ranging from 10(6) up to 16 X 10(6) units, total dose. Total dose of ICL given ranged from 2 X 10(8) to 2 X 10(9) in both groups. The main objectives of this pilot study was to establish the feasibility of treatment by ex vivo activated ICL and IP rIL-2, to assess the toxicity associated with such a treatment, to escalate doses of rIL-2 to a maximal tolerable dose, and to look for clinical responses. The first two goals were achieved: such a treatment approach is feasible and is not associated with severe toxicity. The side effects observed during this study were usually mild in group I patients and more pronounced in group II patients. These included transient fever, chills, nausea, cellulitis at the puncture site, and one case of peritonitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mol Biother 1989
PMID:A pilot study of intraperitoneal recombinant interleukin-2 and ex vivo activated intracavitary lymphocytes in patients with malignant peritoneal spread: I. Clinical aspects. 260 15

Differences in the pharmacokinetics of alcohol absorption and elimination are, in part, genetically determined. There are polymorphic variants of the two main enzymes responsible for ethanol oxidation in liver, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. The frequency of occurrence of these variants, which have been shown to display strikingly different catalytic properties, differs among different racial populations. Since the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in liver is a rate-limiting factor for ethanol metabolism in experimental animals, it is likely that the type and content of the polymorphic isoenzyme subunit encoded at ADH2, beta-subunit, and at ADH3, the gamma-subunit, are contributing factors to the genetic variability in ethanol elimination rate. The recent development of methods for genotyping individuals at these loci using white cell DNA will allow us to test this hypothesis as well as any relationship between ADH genotype and the susceptibility to alcoholism or alcohol-related pathology. A polymorphic variant of human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, ADLH2, which has little or no acetaldehyde oxidizing activity has been identified. Individuals with the deficient ALDH2 phenotype do not have altered ethanol elimination rates but they do exhibit high blood acetaldehyde levels and dysphoric symptoms such as facial flushing, nausea and tachycardia, after drinking alcohol. Because acetaldehyde is so reactive, it binds to free amino groups of proteins including a 37 kilodalton hepatic protein-acetaldehyde adduct and may elicit an antibody response. We would predict that individuals who have low ALDH2 activity because of liver disease or because they have the inactive ALDH2 variant isoenzyme might form more protein-acetaldehyde adducts and elicit a greater immune response. These adducts may represent good biological markers of alcohol abuse and may also play a role in liver injury due to chronic alcohol consumption.
Mol Aspects Med 1988
PMID:Genetic polymorphism of enzymes of alcohol metabolism and susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease. 306 25

Over an eight year period (1985-1993), we treated 424 patients with various forms of cardiovascular disease by adding coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) to their medical regimens. Doses of CoQ10 ranged from 75 to 600 mg/day by mouth (average 242 mg). Treatment was primarily guided by the patient's clinical response. In many instances, CoQ10 levels were employed with the aim of producing a whole blood level greater than or equal to 2.10 micrograms/ml (average 2.92 micrograms/ml, n = 297). Patients were followed for an average of 17.8 months, with a total accumulation of 632 patient years. Eleven patients were omitted from this study: 10 due to non-compliance and one who experienced nausea. Eighteen deaths occurred during the study period with 10 attributable to cardiac causes. Patients were divided into six diagnostic categories: ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), primary diastolic dysfunction (PDD), hypertension (HTN), mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and valvular heart disease (VHD). For the entire group and for each diagnostic category, we evaluated clinical response according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional scale, and found significant improvement. Of 424 patients, 58 per cent improved by one NYHA class, 28% by two classes and 1.2% by three classes. A statistically significant improvement in myocardial function was documented using the following echocardiographic parameters: left ventricular wall thickness, mitral valve inflow slope and fractional shortening. Before treatment with CoQ10, most patients were taking from one to five cardiac medications. During this study, overall medication requirements dropped considerably: 43% stopped between one and three drugs. Only 6% of the patients required the addition of one drug. No apparent side effects from CoQ10 treatment were noted other than a single case of transient nausea. In conclusion, CoQ10 is a safe and effective adjunctive treatment for a broad range of cardiovascular diseases, producing gratifying clinical responses while easing the medical and financial burden of multidrug therapy.
Mol Aspects Med 1994
PMID:Usefulness of coenzyme Q10 in clinical cardiology: a long-term study. 775 28

Steroid hormone action involves binding to cognate intracellular receptors that, in turn, bind to respective response elements and thus modulate gene expression. The present study shows that the gonadal steroids, 17beta-estradiol and progesterone, may also act as functional antagonists at the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor in whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of HEK 293 cells stably expressing the 5-HT3 receptor. Functional antagonistic properties at this ligand-gated ion channel could also be shown for 17alpha-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinyl-17beta-estradiol, mestranol, R 5020, testosterone, and allopregnanolone but not for pregnenolone sulfate and cholesterol. An antagonism at the 5-HT3 receptor could further be observed with the aromatic alcohol 4-dodecylphenol but not with phenol or ethanol. Thus, the modulation of 5-HT3 receptor function by steroids or alcohols is dependent on their respective molecule structure. The antagonistic action of steroids at the 5-HT3 receptor is not mediated via the serotonin binding site because the steroids did not alter the binding affinity of [3H]GR65630 to the 5-HT3 receptor, and kinetic experiments revealed a quite different response pattern to 17beta-estradiol when compared with the competitive antagonist metoclopramide. BSA-conjugated gonadal steroids labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate bound to membranes of HEK 293 cells expressing the 5-HT3 receptor in contrast to native HEK 293 cells. However, there was no dose-dependent displacement of the binding of gonadal steroids to membranes of cells expressing the 5-HT3 receptor in binding experiments or fluorescence studies. Thus, gonadal steroids probably interact allosterically with the 5-HT3 receptor at the receptor-membrane interface. The functional antagonism of gonadal steroids at the 5-HT3 receptor may play a role for the development and course of nausea during pregnancy and of psychiatric disorders.
Mol Endocrinol 1998 Sep
PMID:Functional antagonism of gonadal steroids at the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor. 973 11

The annexins are water soluble proteins possessing a hydrophilic surface, which belong to a family of proteins which (a) bind ('annex') both calcium and phospholipids, and (b) form voltage-dependent calcium channels within planar lipid bilayers. Annexins types are diverse (94 annexins in 45 species) and they belong to an enormous multigene family that ranges throughout all eukaryotic kingdoms. Although the structure of these proteins is now well known their functional and physiological roles remain largely unknown and circumstantial. Various experimental approaches provided evidence that annexins function as Ca(2+) channels that could act as regulators of membrane fusion. The identity of annexins is derived from the conserved 34 kDa C-terminal domain which comprises four repeats - except for annexin VI, with eight repeats - of a sequence of approximately seventy amino acids, which holds the area known as the 'endonexin fold', with its identifying GXGTDE. Annexins have been placed into three subgroups of (1) tetrad core and short amino terminal, (2) tetrad core and long amino terminal, and (3) octad core and short amino terminal. The repeats are highly conserved, each forming a compact alpha-helical domain comprising five alpha-helices wound in a right-handed superhelix. Four domains are formed, arranged in a nearly flat and cyclical array, with domains I and IV, and II and III respectively forming two tightly organised modules with almost twofold symmetry. A hydrophilic pore lies at the centre of the molecule, forming a prominent ion channel coated with charged and highly conserved residues. The annexin molecule is slightly curved, with both a convex and a concave face. The cation/anion permeability ratios and the selectivity sequence of the ion channels formed by several annexins confirm the selectivity of the annexins for Ca(2+) over other divalent cations, and reveals the importance of structural sites, e.g. amino acid positions 17, 78, 95 and 112 for the identification of the ion channel's position, function and regulation. Some are sensitive to low doses of the phenothiazine drugs, trifluoperazine (an anti-schizophrenia drug) and promethazine (anti nausea drug) La(3+) and Cd(2+), (blockers of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels) nifedipine (an inhibitor of non-activating Ca(2+) channels). There are two main competing models used to explain in vitro ion channel activity of annexins: one involves changes in the conductance of ion via electrostatic disturbance of the membrane surface; the other involves a much more extensive alteration in protein structure and a correspondingly deeper penetration into the membrane.
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2000
PMID:Biophysical and molecular properties of annexin-formed channels. 1095 28

Valproic acid is a widely used drug in the treatment of epilepsy and, compared to other anticonvulsant drugs, is considered safe. The most common side effects of valproic acid ingestion or therapy are transient nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Most of these complaints are mild. However, more serious adverse reactions can occur such as hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis. It has been proposed that, whenever possible, valproic acid not be used in the younger child, the child with a severe seizure disorder or other neurological disorders, mental retardation, developmental delay, organic brain disease, congenital abnormalities, or the child who is taking multiple anticonvulsant drugs, as these factors may increase the likelihood of hepatotoxicity and/or pancreatitis. In the present report, we describe a fatal case of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in a four and a half-year-old Hispanic female child who was receiving valproic acid in combination with another anticonvulsant drug for control of focal seizures. The patient also received the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin. For pediatricians and forensic pathologists valproic acid-induced pancreatitis can be a challenging diagnosis which must not be mistaken for abdominal trauma. We discuss the workup of the patient and differential diagnosis.
Pediatr Pathol Mol Med
PMID:Pathological case of the month: sudden death in a child as a result of pancreatitis during valproic acid therapy. 1239 3

Mentha piperita or peppermint is currently used for alleviating nausea, flatulence, and vomiting. In the present investigation, we evaluated the chemopreventive, antigenotoxic, and antioxidative effects of an aqueous extract of Mentha piperita leaves. One-day-old Swiss albino mice were treated with a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and then given either water or a Mentha extract (ME; 1 g/kg body weight) by gavage starting at 3 weeks of age (weaning). The mice were killed at 9 weeks of age and tested for lung tumor incidence (chemoprevention); bone marrow micronucleus and chromosome aberration frequency (antigenotoxicity); and levels of liver and lung sulfhydral groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (antioxidative properties). The ME treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the number of lung adenomas from an incidence of 67.92% in animals given only BP to 26.31%, an inhibition of 61.26%. Tumor multiplicity was 1.22 in the BP-alone group and 1.15 in the BP + ME group. In addition, compared with the animals in the BP-alone group, ME reduced the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in bone marrow cells and decreased the levels of LPO and increased reduced glutathione content, and SOD and CAT activities in liver as well as lung. The results of this study indicate that ME is chemopreventive and antigenotoxic when given subsequent to an initiating dose of BP in newborn Swiss albino mice. The chemopreventive action and antigenotoxic effects observed in the present study may be due to the antioxidative properties of ME.
Environ Mol Mutagen 2006 Apr
PMID:Modulatory effects of Mentha piperita on lung tumor incidence, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress in benzo[a]pyrene-treated Swiss albino mice. 1761 39

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an important human pathogen, which is the cause of a tick-borne illness occurring in many areas of Africa, Asia, and Europe. CCHF is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, chills, and severe headache. Other symptoms can include gastrointestinal disorders, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations can occur and often present as large areas of ecchymosis, rather than frank bleeding. Exposure to ticks, particularly those in the genus Hyalomma, or direct contact with virus-infected animals or people are considered the major risk factors. Studies on CCHFV are impeded by the biocontainment needed for their manipulation. However, the increasing worldwide medical awareness, the enormous interest of the media in hemorrhagic fever diseases, and their potential to be used as a bioweapon, have greatly spurred on research on this important virus, as evidenced by many new developments including the development of a reverse genetics system which should greatly enhance future research with this virus.
Curr Mol Med 2005 Dec
PMID:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. 1637 10


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