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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the past decade, the development of various gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists, which induce reversible hypo-oestrogenism has opened a new area in the medical management of endometriosis. In an open, multicentre phase III study, the efficacy, tolerance and safety of the Gn-RH agonist leuprorelin acetate were tested. The preliminary results of 104 women treated in seven German centres are presented. Pelvic endometriosis was diagnosed by laparoscopy and classified according to the American Fertility Society scoring system: 33% of patients had minimal, 22% mild, 28% moderate and 8% severe endometriosis and in 9% no pathological results were obtained. The patients' mean age was 30 +/- 6 years and 66 had infertility problems. Treatment was started within the first 3 days of the menstrual cycle and consisted of a subcutaneous injection of leuprorelin acetate 3.75 mg, repeated once monthly over 24 weeks. A follow-up period of 12 months after the last injection has been completed in 70 patients, including a second laparoscopy. At all visits, symptoms were evaluated, physical examinations performed, and blood samples collected for haematological screening, serum chemistry determinations and measurement of the gonadotrophins oestradiol and progesterone and leuprorelin acetate. The median score at laparoscopy fell from 12 before operation to 8 after operation and 2 after treatment with leuprorelin acetate. Of the total number of patients, 89% had improvements in their endometriosis, 8% a deterioration and 3% no change. Patients reported improvement in the following: dysmenorrhoea 93%, dyspareunia 62% and pelvic pain 70%. However, all women complained of at least one of the following symptoms: hot flushes 86%, sleep disturbance 62%, sweating 61%, headache 41%, nausea 32% and depression 20%. Fifty-five percent of patients reported additional side effects such as vaginal dryness, fatigue and lower abdominal pain. After the third injection, amenorrhoea persisted in 94% of the women. Four weeks after the first leuprorelin acetate injection median concentrations of oestradiol fell from 45 pg/ml to 11 pg/ml, follicle-stimulating hormone from 7 U/L to 3 U/L and luteinising hormone from 5 U/L to 1 U/L and remained almost unchanged over the observation period. During the 6 months' treatment, laboratory parameters showed no significant deviations from normal; only total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase increased. Treatment results were judged as good and satisfactory in 82% and 11% of cases, respectively. On the basis of this study, it can be concluded that leuprorelin acetate treatment is safe, well tolerated and effective in the medical management of endometriosis and endometriosis-related complaints.
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PMID:Treatment of endometriosis with leuprorelin acetate depot: a German multicentre study. 153 21

The results of evaluation of the contraceptive activity of the biphasic oral contraceptive anteovin are presented. 1 package of anteovin consists of 11 white tablets containing 0.05 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.05 mg of levonorgestrel and 10 pink tablets of 0.05 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.125 mg of levonorgestrel. Anteovin was tested according to the conventional 21-day regimen from day 5 of the cycle for 21 days, followed by 1 7-day rest period. Duration of anteovin administration ranged from 1 to 12 cycles. Anteovin was given to 160 women (aged 17 to 40 years old) who had a history of 618 pregnancies (182 ended by term delivery and 436 ended by induced abortion). During anteovin administration none of the women became pregnant. Side effects of anteovin included mild nausea during first several days in 12 women, breast tenderness in 4, and menstruation disorders in 8. The mechanism of contraceptive effect of anteovin was associated with ovulation inhibition. The changes in the basal temperature had a monophasic characteristic. Colpocytological examination showed decrease in the karyopyknotic and eosinophilic indices to 4-30%. All estrogen fractions (estrone, estradiol and estriol) in the urine showed statistically significant decrease on day 14-16 of the cycle (to 15.8 mcg/day, compared with 41.9 mcg/day in controls). The level of pregnanediol in the urine showed a decrease on day 20-23 of the cycle (0.66 mg/day, compared with 2.98 mg/day in controls). After 6 months of anteovin administration, there was a decrease in the basal and periovulation secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol.
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PMID:[The clinico-pharmacological characteristics of anteovin]. 186 Apr 94

Tamoxifen and trioxifene are antiestrogens that appear to have different endocrine effects when tested in rats. Whereas tamoxifen has considerable clinical activity, trioxifene is a new antiestrogen with undefined clinical activity. Thirty-six patients were treated with graded doses of trioxifene. The low-dose group (0.5 to 12 mg/m2 twice daily) had a 21% response rate in 24 subjects, and the high-dose group (40 to 100 mg/m2 twice daily) had a 33% response rate in 12 patients (P = 0.13). The time to treatment failure was 67 days and 178 days for the low- and high-dose groups, respectively. Toxicities were non-dose dependent; those of moderate frequency included leukopenia (41%) and nausea (31%). Tamoxifen reduced both prolactin and inducible growth hormone (GH). Trioxifene, although reducing prolactin, differed from tamoxifen in that an increase in inducible GH occurred. Furthermore, a striking dose-dependent decrease in luteinizing hormone and lesser decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone occurred only in the trioxifene-treated patients. This implies an intrinsic estrogenic action of trioxifene in man. Trioxifene is no more efficacious than tamoxifen and has more toxicity.
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PMID:A phase I/II investigation of trioxifene mesylate in advanced breast cancer. Clinical and endocrinologic effects. 307 61

Sodium bromide was administered orally in capsules to healthy volunteers in doses of 0, 4 or 9 mg Br-/kg/day using a double-blind design. Each treatment was given to seven males for 12 weeks and to seven non-pregnant females (not using oral contraceptives) over three full cycles. Special attention was paid to possible effects on the endocrine and central nervous systems. At the start and end of the study, a full medical history, the results of a physical examination, haematological studies and standard clinical chemistry and urine analyses were recorded for each subject. These showed no changes for individuals following treatment, except for some incidence of nausea associated with bromide-capsule ingestion. Mean plasma-bromide concentrations at the end of treatment were 0.08, 2.14 and 4.30 mmol/litre for males and 0.07, 3.05 and 4.93 mmol/litre for females of the 0-, 4- and 9-mg Br-/kg/day groups, respectively. Plasma half-life was about 10 days. In the females taking 9 mg Br-/kg/day (but in no other group) there was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine between the start and end of the study but all concentrations remained within normal limits. No changes were observed in serum concentrations of free thyroxine, thyroxine-binding globulin, cortisol, oestradiol, progesterone or testosterone, or of thyrotropin, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone before or after the administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and LH-releasing hormone. Analysis of neurophysiological data (EEG and visual evoked response) showed a decrease in delta 1- and delta 2-activities and increases in beta-activities and in mean frequency (Mobility parameter) in the groups on 9 mg Br-/kg/day, but all the findings were within normal limits.
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PMID:The influence of sodium bromide in man: a study in human volunteers with special emphasis on the endocrine and the central nervous system. 668 22

Ten women ages 22 to 39 years were treated with a single injection of Delestrogen on day 19 of the menstrual cycle and increasing doses of Parlodel on days 19 to 23. This treatment resulted in a shortening of the luteal phase and a decrease in the production of progesterone and had no effect on serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or prolactin levels. Side effects reported with this therapy included lethargy, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hot flashes, depression, and nasal congestion. These preliminary clinical data suggest a combination of estrogen and bromocriptine regimen is luteolytic and may be useful as an interceptive abortifacient preparation in the human being.
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PMID:Evaluation of Delestrogen and Parlodel as a luteolytic agent in humans. 706 Jul 69

The traditional adjuvant therapy for seminoma stage I is abdominal radiotherapy. Although the relapse rate ranges below 5% this treatment is challenged because concerns about adverse late effects are accumulating. Carboplatin is effective in metastatic seminoma and two pilot studies have indicated effectivity in the adjuvant setting also. As this drug is almost non-toxic in moderate doses it could be an ideal adjuvant treatment for seminoma stage I. A group of 82 patients, mean age 37.5 years (range 22-73 years), with histologically pure seminoma stage I, were given carboplatin 400 mg/m2 after orchiectomy; 60 patients received only one course of carboplatin, and 22 patients received two courses. The median time of observation is 24 months, ranging from 2 to 48 months, and 66 patients have a minimum follow-up of 1 year. There is one relapse so far. Toxicity is rather mild with no severe nausea/emesis. Mean platelet counts were 164/nl after 3 weeks and 208/nl after 4 weeks; thus, myelotoxicity was negligible. Gonadal toxicity was measured by serial follicle-stimulating hormone levels. The mean level was 11.4 U/l before treatment, and 16.2 U/l after 5 weeks, 17.3 U/l after 4 months, 14.5 U/l after 8 months and 13.5 U/l after 12 months. Thus, gonadal toxicity also appeared to be mild. In summary, the efficacies of adjuvant carboplatin and of abdominal radiotherapy seem to be identical. As carboplatin, in the dosage used, involves no severe acute side-effects and probably few late adverse effects, this regimen constitutes a promising new treatment option in seminoma patients stage I that deserves to be studied in randomized trials.
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PMID:Adjuvant carboplatin treatment for seminoma clinical stage I. 854 95

Toremifene (Fareston) is a triphenylethylene derivative structurally similar to tamoxifen (Nolvadex) that was selected for development based on its in vitro activity against breast cancer and its lesser uterotrophic effect than tamoxifen in rat models. In phase I and II studies conducted in several countries, toremifene was well tolerated over a wide range of doses (10 to 680 mg/d). The major side effects were hot flashes, nausea, and vomiting. Toremifene's excretion half-life is 5 days. It produces a modest decline in serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and antithrombin III, as well as an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin levels. In studies in which toremifene was used as first-line therapy in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive or ER-unknown tumors, response rates to doses of 40 to 60 mg/day ranged from 30% to 54%. In two larger studies of patients who had proved refractory to tamoxifen therapy, toremifene produced an objective response rate of 4% to 5%. When patients with stable disease were added to those with objective responses, 27% to 28% of patients were considered to derive clinical benefit from toremifene. The dose range chosen for further study was 40 to 60 mg/d.
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PMID:Phase I and II studies of toremifene. 916 2

Toremifene is a chlorinated tamoxifen analogue that is indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-dependent breast cancer. It competes with estradiol for estrogen receptors and has growth-inhibitory effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. At concentrations < 10(-6) mol/L, this growth inhibition can be reversed by estradiol, but at higher concentrations toremifene is cytotoxic. In dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary cancer in rats, toremifene has been shown to decrease the number of new tumours and to inhibit the growth of existing tumours. Toremifene causes growth inhibition by suppressing mitosis and inducing apoptosis. The mechanism by which these events occur may involve the induction of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1 (mecasermin). Toremifene is primarily an antiestrogen, but it has some estrogen agonist properties in postmenopausal women. The latter are reflected by the fall in luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and the rise in sex hormone-binding globulin levels that are associated with its use in most women. After estrogen priming, toremifene 68mg administered orally has been found to exert a similar antiestrogenic effect on the vaginal epithelium in postmenopausal women as tamoxifen 60mg. The half-life of toremifene in plasma is 5 days, and the drug is > 99% bound to plasma proteins. The main metabolites of toremifene are N-demethyl-toremifene and deaminohydroxy-toremifene. Altered liver, but not kidney, function affects the pharmacokinetics of toremifene. Toremifene 60mg daily is as effective as tamoxifen 20mg daily in the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-dependent breast cancer, producing a response in about 50% of patients. Soft tissue and visceral metastases respond better to toremifene than bone metastases. Most of the adverse effects of toremifene are related to its activity at estrogen receptors and include hot flashes, vaginal discharge and nausea. Although toremifene decreases antithrombin III levels slightly, the incidence of thromboembolic complications is low. Thus far, no carcinogenic effects have been noted in humans, and preclinical data are mostly reassuring. Toremifene has favourable effects on serum lipids, and thus has potential in preventing coronary heart disease. Although toremifene is somewhat more expensive to use than tamoxifen, toremifene is an effective and well tolerated alternative to tamoxifen in the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone-dependent breast cancer. No formal pharmacoeconomic comparisons of toremifene and tamoxifen have yet been published. Toremifene is potentially safer than tamoxifen in relation to carcinogenic effects and effects on serum lipids.
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PMID:Toremifene in postmenopausal breast cancer. Efficacy, safety and cost. 934 56

Together with a growing number of cellular telephone users increases the interest in the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by them on live organisms. The surveys on subjective complaints of cellular telephone users carried out in Sweden, Norway, UK, USA, New Zealand and Australia showed that head ache is the major complain, and it is more pronounced with analogue than digital telephones. Apart from head ache, fatigue and general ill-being, muscular pains and nausea are reported. Human experimental studies reveal that EMF emitted by cellular telephones may be responsible for periodical increase in arterial blood pressure, changes in electric activity of the brain. However, no changes in secretion of cerebral pituitary hormones: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone, prolactin (PRL), lactogenic hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and melatonine. The animal experimental studies indicated that exposure to EMF of the microwave frequency activates the endogenous opioid system in the brain, while the studies of the brain neurotransmitter activity have not produced univocal results, some of them showed decline, others increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. In vitro studies reveal that EMF even below maximum permissible levels may induce changes in the blood-brain permeability barrier and disorders in active transport of Na+, K+ ions and release of Ca++ ions by cellular membranes. The studies carried out thus far have not produced clear-cut results, but they indicate that EMF of the microwave frequency, including the frequency emitted by cellular telephones may be responsible for various measurable biological effects. It is essential to find out whether these effects may affect human health.
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PMID:[A study on the biological effects of exposure mobile-phone frequency EMF]. 1176 57

Female gonadotroph adenomas with endocrinological symptoms are uncommon. Six cases of such adenomas have been reported in the literature: two were girls who presented with precocious puberty and four were premenopausal women with accompanying multiple ovarian cysts. We describe here a 10-year-old Japanese girl with a gonadotroph macroadenoma and present detailed morphological findings of the tumor. The patient's chief complaints were nausea, abdominal distention, and abdominal pain. Abdominopelvic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral multiple ovarian cysts. Endocrinological assays showed elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (33.7 mIU/ml) and estradiol (3840 pg/ml). MRI of the head showed a large pituitary tumor. Two transsphenoidal operations and subsequent radiation therapy were performed. Immunohistochemically, more than half the tumor cells were positive for anti-FSH-beta monoclonal antibody. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells exhibited a fairly uniform picture of rounded cells. Their nuclei were slightly irregular and contained heterochromatin, and their cytoplasm contained many round, dense core granules, measuring 140-260 nm in diameter, together with well-developed organelles. An in vitro study showed that the tumor cells in primary culture produced FSH (1089.0 mIU/ml). To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of an FSH-secreting gonadotroph adenoma occurring in childhood.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of a follicle-stimulating hormone-secreting gonadotroph adenoma occurring in a 10-year-old girl. 1181 Apr 54


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