Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor can suppress postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, and may be useful in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and preserved insulin secretion. We encountered an obese elderly patient with NIDDM in whom gait disturbance had developed after cerebral hemorrhage and who suffered from ileus after treatment with voglibose. The patient had received voglibose which is reported to cause fewer abdominal symptoms than acarbose, for 15 days. The patient, a 63-year-old woman, was given a diagnosis of NIDDM in February 1995, and was treated with a sulfonylurea agent. However, her glycemic control remained poor and she was admitted to our hospital in April 1995. Her body mass index was 30.5 kg/m2 and laboratory investigation revealed a fasting plasma glucose level of 211 mg/dl, a postprandial (2 h) plasma glucose level of 288 mg/dl, HbAlc of 9.9%, a fasting insulin level of 9 microU/ml, urinary C-peptide excretion of 95.7 micrograms/ day, and an coefficient of variation of R-R value of 2.1%. Fifteen days after glibenclamide was replaced by to voglibose, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, and ausculatory sounds of gurgling developed, and niveau were noted on an abdominal roentgenogram which indicated that simple ileus had developed. Voglibose was discontinued and the patient was treated with an enema and hot air. She recovered from simple ileus on the next day. This patient had had two abdominal surgeries and a cerebral hemorrhage, and her daily physical activities were limited, which might have contributed to ileus. In elderly patients with NIDDM, a history of abdominal surgery and the amount of daily exercise must be considered when deciding whether or not to give alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
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PMID:[Occurrence of ileus after voglibose treatment in an elderly diabetic patient with gait disturbance caused by cerebral hemorrhage]. 892

Metformin alone is the glucose-lowering drug of first choice for patients with type 2 diabetes. None of the other glucose-lowering drugs available in 2014 have any proven efficacy in preventing diabetes complications. How important are adverse effects in the choice of glucose-lowering alternatives to metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes? What about their effects on HbA1c levels? To answer these questions, we conducted a review of the literature using the standard Prescrire methodology. Sulphonylureas have been in use for many years. These drugs lower HbA1c levels by an average of 1.5% when used alone, and by 0.8% to 1% when added to metformin. All sulphonylureas can cause dose-related hypoglycaemia. Available data do not rule out a tangible increase or decrease in cardiovascular mortality among patients treated with sulphonylureas. Comparative data suggest that the combination of metformin + sulphonylurea increases overall mortality. Human insulins have also been in use for many years. A daily injection of long-acting insulin, added to on-going oral glucose-lowering therapy, lowers HbA1c by 0.7% to 2.5% on average but causes weight gain and increases the risk of hypoglycaemia. It cannot be ruled out that insulin may increase the risk of certain cancers. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors have a weak glucose-lowering effect. The average decline in HbA1c is about 0.7%, which is not sufficient to offset the gastrointestinal disorders caused by these drugs. The glucose-lowering effect of repaglinide is similar to that of sulphonylureas. Repaglinide can cause hypoglycaemia, particularly when co-administered with inhibitors of some cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. Glitazones have a clearly unfavourable harm-benefit balance, potentially causing fractures, heart failure, other cardiovascular events, bladder cancer. Gliptins lower HbA1c by 0.7% on average but can provoke anaphylactic reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and infections. Saxagliptin may increase the risk of fractures and heart failure. The long-term adverse effects of gliptins are poorly documented and may include an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. These risks are not offset by any proven clinical efficacy; patients should therefore not be exposed to these drugs. When they are combined with metformin, two injectable GLP-1 analogues, exenatide and liraglutide, have a glucose-lowering potency similar to one or two daily insulin injections. They have the advantage of inducing weight loss, without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia. Gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea are frequent at the beginning of treatment. A possible increase in the risk of pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and thyroid cancer has not been ruled out. Gliflozins reduce HbA1c by 0.6-0.7% on average. These drugs are already known to have a burdensome adverse effect profile despite their relatively recent market introduction. There are also safety signals concerning serious long-term adverse effects. Patients should not be exposed to these risks.
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PMID:Glucose-lowering treatment of type 2 diabetes. Part II--Glucose-lowering drugs after metformin: a choice based largely on adverse effects. 2603 6