Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cyclosporin A was given to five patients with acute leukaemia in whom graft-versus-host disease (G.V.H.D.) had developed after bone-marrow transplantation from sibling donors. In all instances the acute erythematous skin reaction of G.V.H.D. resolved within two days, but four of the five patients died. Cyclosporin A in high doses produced anorexia, nausea, and a reversible rise in blood-urea. The four patients who died all had liver damage, but the histological changes varied. Cyclosporin A modifies the acute skin reaction of G.V.H.D. In the management of liver and gut G.V.H.D., and in prophylaxis of G.V.H.D., its role needs to be determined.
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PMID:Cyclosporin A for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease in man. 8 37

Following oral cholecystography in 100 patients, the conventional "fatty meal" was replaced by an intramuscular injection of Ceruletid in a dose of 0.4 microgram/kg body weight. The synthetic decapetide Ceruletid is a substance with a hormone-like effect on the gastro-intestinal tract. It contracts smooth muscle in the gut and stimulates secretion in the stomach and the exocrine pancreas. Compared with other substances producing contraction which are given orally, Ceruletid acts more quickly and more powerfully in producing contraction of the gall bladder muscle. In 86% of positive cholecystograms, this resulted in satisfactory demonstration of the bile duct, 66% better than for oral substances. Many abnormalities, particularly localised adenomyomatosis, can only be diagnosed after good contraction of the gall bladder. Side effects, such as nausea, dizziness and a feeling of heat were transitory. In three patients it led to vomiting. The rapid and certain effect of Ceruletid during oral cholecystography requires reassessment of the role of intravenous cholangiography in diagnosis. Particularly amongst out-patients, with a high proportion of normal gall bladders, it is possible to complete the examination in one stage by demonstrating the bile duct with Ceruletid.
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PMID:[Improvement of oral cholecystography and cholangiography with ceruletid (author's transl)]. 15 96

Bromocriptine, a lysergic acid derivative with a bromine atom at position 2, has been found to have unique effects on the dopamine receptors in the pituitary and central nervous system and peripherally. It is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gut and is mainly excreted in the bile and faeces. It seems to have a particular specificity for the pituitary prolactinotrophe although it does have other effects in different diseases states. In spite of the fact that it is an ergot derivative, it is remarkably free of ergot vascular side effects in the doses needed for therapeutic benefit. The most common adverse effect are nausea, vomiting and postural symptoms. These can be overcome by starting at low doses and increasing the therapeutic levels. Its major use is in the suppression of prolactin in states where this hormone is elevated irrespective of cause. It has also been used in the treatment of acromegaly and is under investigation for use in other disease states probably linked with prolactin system or dopaminergic receptors.
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PMID:Pharmacology of bromocriptine in health and disease. 22 67

Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, delays absorption of carbohydrate in the gut, thereby lowering postprandial glucose levels. Safety data on this drug have been gathered in a series of studies on animals and in extensive clinical trials in humans. Although an initial long term feeding study in rats showed an excess of renal tumours at very high dosages of acarbose (up to 300 mg/kg bodyweight daily), further evaluation with similar studies in rats, hamsters, and dogs indicated that the problem was related to carbohydrate malabsorption. With adequate glucose intake and in gavage studies, no difference in tumour incidence between placebo- and acarbose-treated groups was seen. From 1976 to 1989, safety data on acarbose were obtained in approximately 8800 patients in 2 separate groups of clinical trials, the Bayer International Clinical Data Pool and the American phase III trials. Almost all adverse experiences, as reported by 56 to 76% of patients on acarbose vs 32 to 37% of patients on placebo, were related to the digestive system and included diarrhoea, flatulence, bloating and nausea. Most symptoms were of mild to moderate intensity and tended to improve with time. In the American trials a small but significant increase in liver transaminases was seen, 3.8% in acarbose-treated patients vs 0.9% in controls together with a 1% increase in anaemia in the acarbose group. Overall, acarbose was well tolerated and the adverse experience profile was clinically acceptable.
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PMID:Safety profile of acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. 128 May 77

The metabolism of serotonin was studied in cancer patients of their first day of their first course of chemotherapeutic drugs either with strongly or moderately emetogenic regimens. It was observed that strongly emetogenic treatments induce greater increases in serotonin release than moderately emetogenic regimens. High-dose cisplatinum (75 +/- 5 or 83.8 +/- 5 mg m-2) produced a marked increase in the plasma levels and in the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). Neither platelet nor plasma (platelet-free plasma) serotonin were significantly modified by high-dose cisplatinum. Dacarbazine (283 +/- 22 mg m-2), another strongly emetogenic agent, induced acute nausea and emesis paralleled by marked increases in the urinary excretion of 5-HIAA. Both for high-dose cisplatinum and dacarbazine, the increases in serotonin metabolism occurred with a similar time-course than those of vomiting, and lasted for a period of 4 to 8 h. Low-dose cisplatinum (30.8 +/- 3 mg m-2) as well as cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapies (520 +/- 30 mg m-2) produced very small increases in the urinary excretion of 5-HIAA. Platelet and plasma serotonin levels failed to increase in cyclophosphamide-treated patients. Octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analog, did not inhibit the increase in urinary 5-HIAA and the nausea and vomiting produced by high-dose cisplatinum. These results suggest that for treatments that induce marked increases in serotonin release such as high-dose cisplatinum or dacarbazine: (a) the amount and time course of serotonin release induced by chemotherapeutic drugs determines the severity, time of onset and pattern of emesis observed; (b) platelet serotonin play no role in chemotherapy-induced emesis; (c) strongly emetogenic regimens release serotonin from enterochromaffin cells; and (d) intestinal release of serotonin is the consequence of the damage induced by the chemotherapeutic drugs on the gut mucosa.
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PMID:Changes in serotonin metabolism in cancer patients: its relationship to nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. 137 60

Motility-like dyspepsia, a clinical subgroup of functional dyspepsia, refers to the cluster of symptoms which suggests an underlying motility disturbance of the upper gut. Characteristic symptoms, in addition to upper abdominal pain or discomfort, are nausea, vomiting, early satiety, anorexia, postprandial abdominal bloating and excessive repetitive postprandial belching. Patients with concomitant symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome are currently excluded from this clinical entity. Delayed gastric emptying of solids and/or liquids, postprandial antral hypomotility and antroduodenal incoordination, gastric myoelectrical arrhythmias and dysfunction of visceral afferents are the major alterations in upper gut sensorimotor activity which have been described. An empirical trial of medical therapy is warranted if there are no "alarm" symptoms at presentation. If symptoms are not relieved after 2-4 weeks, then investigations of the upper gastrointestinal tract, preferably by endoscopy, to exclude the presence of organic disease, is advisable. Management approaches are then reassurance, dietary manipulations and attention to psychosocial aspects. Prokinetic agents appear to be useful as short-term medical therapy in some patients, but optimum long-term treatment strategies, including the use of medications which may improve a diminished tolerance to gut distension, are not established.
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PMID:Motility-like dyspepsia. Current concepts in pathogenesis, investigation and management. 144 83

Although more extensive research is required to fully characterize the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal symptoms in PD, much of the presently available data suggest that the primary PD process is the major factor in the etiology of gut dysfunction in this patient population. This may be mediated by both central and peripheral mechanisms. Involvement of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus might produce dysfunction of muscles controlling deglutition and esophageal motility, thereby leading to drooling, dysphagia, and gastroesophageal reflux. The presence of Lewy bodies, the primary neuropathologic finding in the CNS in PD, in the myenteric plexus of both the esophagus and colon suggests that the PD process may also affect the enteric nervous system and contribute to the development of esophageal dysmotility and constipation through this peripheral mechanism. Dopamine receptors have been identified in the lower esophageal sphincter and the esophageal body of animals. If similarly present in humans, involvement of this dopaminergic system could contribute to the development of dysphagia and nausea of PD. Constipation may reflect both peripheral involvement, indicated by Lewy bodies in the colonic myenteric plexus, leading to colonic inertia, and central mechanisms, leading to pelvic floor dysfunction.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: frequency and pathophysiology. 845 Oct 18

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is found in the enteric nervous system where it has been implicated in controlling gastrointestinal motor function. A number of receptor or recognition sites have been identified in the gut, but recently most attention has focused on the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors. The functional role of the 5-HT3 receptor remains incompletely understood, but it is probably involved in the modulation of colonic motility and visceral pain in the gut. A number of selective 5-HT3 antagonists have been developed including ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron renzapride and zacopride. While the substituted benzamide prokinetics (for example, metoclopramide, cisapride) also block 5-HT3 receptors in high concentrations, their prokinetic action is believed to be on the basis of their agonist effects on the putative 5-HT4 receptor. Some 5-HT3 antagonists have 5-HT4 agonist activity (for example, renzapride, zacopride) and others do not (for example, ondansetron, granisetron), while tropisetron in high concentrations is a 5-HT4 antagonist. Based on the pharmacological data, it has been suggested that specific 5-HT antagonists and agonists may prove to be beneficial in a number of gastrointestinal disorders including the irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, non-cardiac chest pain, gastrooesophageal reflux and refractory nausea. In this review, the rationale for the use of these compounds is discussed, and the available experimental evidence is summarized.
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PMID:Review article: 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists and antagonists in the modulation of gastrointestinal motility and sensation: clinical implications. 160 46

An outbreak of Gnathostoma larva migrans occurred among guests of a New Year's party in Chachoengsao, Thailand. Nine people who consumed a raw fish dish called 'Hu-sae' contracted the disease. Five of them developed gastro-intestinal symptoms consisting of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea as early as within the first 24 hours, while in the other four, symptoms started on the following day. After the initial symptoms pertaining to the gut, malaise, chest discomfort, cough, myalgia, weakness, itching and migratory swellings were experienced. Eosinophilia was demonstrated in every patient with a mean (+/- SE) count of 5,516 +/- 1,010 cells/cu mm. Detection of antibody against aqueous extracts of G. spinigerum adult antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a titer of 1:1,600 or greater in every patients except one who had a titer of 1:400 (positive greater than or equal to 1:400). This outbreak illustrates the high attack rate when heavily infected fish are consumed.
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PMID:Gnathostoma larva migrans among guests of a New Year party. 182 91

The aim of this paper is to describe the technique, indications, and results of the Roux operation as used in the treatment of postgastrectomy syndromes. A Roux gastrojejunostomy with a 40-cm Roux limb is the procedure of choice for alkaline reflux gastritis, because it virtually eliminates reflux of bile and pancreatic juice into the stomach. The slow transit through a Roux limb can also be used to good advantage to slow gastric emptying in patients with dumping. Patients with delayed gastric emptying respond to the combination of near-total gastric resection, which removes the atonic gastric remnant and speeds emptying, and Roux-Y gastrojejunostomy, which prevents reflux esophagitis and provides a reservoir for ingesta in the upper gut. After all Roux operations, however, the Roux limb may slow emptying so much that pain, fullness, nausea, and food vomiting result, the so-called Roux stasis syndrome. Prevention of the Roux stasis syndrome with an "uncut" Roux limb and the treatment of the syndrome by using electrical pacing to suppress the ectopic pacemakers that emerge in the limb offer possible new solutions to this vexing problem.
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PMID:The Roux operation for postgastrectomy syndromes. 199 Aug 79


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