Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

IUDs were 1st used in Poland in 1909 when Richter introduced a silkworm gut device. Grafenberg's ring, made 1st of silkworm gut and later of gold or silver, was used in Berlin in the 1920s, but dangerous infections were associated with these IUDs. In the early 1960s new biologically inert materials (stainless steel and plastic) were used for the Lippes Loop, the Saf-T-Coil, and the Spiral (associated with a higher expulsion rate). The stainless tell Majzlin Spring was recalled by the FDA because of embedding in the uterine wall. The Dalkon Shield, introduced in the early 1970s, was implicated in midtrimester septic abortions and deaths, and was later withdrawn. Progestasert containing progesterone was 1st used in the mid-1970s, however, side effects included dysmenorrhea, vaso-vagal reaction, and higher ectopic pregnancy rates. Stimulation of the vagus nerve occurring during tenaculum placement can induce symptoms known as the vaso-vagal reaction: bradycardia, hypotension, nausea, pallor, syncope, and cardiac arrest. Moderate symptoms may be relieved by atropine sulfate (.6 mg iv). Baseline pulse and blood pressure must be routinely read before IUD fitting. Sounding the uterus during menstruation and a follow-up visit within 3 months with x-ray if necessary is recommended to rule out perforation. Reported expulsion rates vary from 1 to 24%, mostly among nulliparas. Copper-bearing devices usually require laparotomy for removal. Pregnancy occurs in 1-5% of IUD users. Removal may trigger spontaneous abortion, but the in situ IUD poses more danger. The theoretical efficacy of IUDs is 97-99% (of 100 women correctly using IUDs for 1 year, 1-3 become pregnant). Their disadvantages include increased dysmenorrhea, menstrual cramps, and bleeding. An estimated 5-10% of pregnancies occurring with an IUD in situ are ectopic. Women who use IUDs are several times more likely to develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) than nonusers. Recent research substantiates a 4.4 to 9-fold increase in PID risk in IUD users. About 80% of women continue to use their IUDs after 1 year.
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PMID:Intrauterine devices. 741 10

The effect of welding fumes on ocular readaptation time (RAT) has been investigated. Objective measurements of RAT were obtained from a determination of the recovery time for optokinetic nystagmus following a bright flash of light. Welding electrodes of different types and chemical compositions were used. Welding fumes and the breathed gases were analyzed for particles, and the blood concentration of certain trace elements was determined. The results show that fumes from basic electrodes, containing high amounts of calcium and fluorides, and sometimes copper, produced a marked increase in RAT. The fumes from rutile electrodes, containing only low amounts of these substances, produced no demonstrable prolongation or RAT. Nor was RAT affected by the copper content of the electrodes. Thus the results appear to indicate that fluorides in the fumes produced by the basic electrodes cause the prolongation of RAT. The substances causing this prolongation seem to be bound to fume particles greater than 0.3 micron. Discomfort--nausea and headache--correlated with increased RAT prolongation. But analyses of the ambient air and of trace elements in the blood did not reveal any changes that could be correlated with the effect on RAT. RAT changes measured in conjunction with the inhalation of fumes from basic electrode welding are comparable to those seen after the intake of a therapeutic dose of oxazepam.
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PMID:The effect of welding fumes on ocular readaptation time. 743 49

Copper is an essential micronutrient and a potential toxic metal. The USEPA current maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG, a nonenforceable aspirational health goal) and the required treatment technique action level, both set at 1.3 mg/liter of copper are not adequately protective for infants and children under 10 years of age. Infants and children up to 10 years of age have increased susceptibility to copper toxicity. The two main reasons for the high sensitivity in this population subgroup are the presence of a normally high concentration of copper in the liver during early life and the lack of a fully developed homeostatic mechanism of copper in children under 10 years of age. This sensitive group of infants and children represents approximately 17% of the total U.S. population. The adverse health effects caused by drinking water contaminated with copper are abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. The proposed drinking water guideline of 0.3 mg/liter for copper was derived by the application of the risk assessment procedures approved by the USEPA. Drinking water containing 0.3 mg/liter of copper will provide approximately 26% of the nutritional requirement of copper. This proposed drinking water guideline (0.3 mg/liter) for copper will adequately protect health of infants, children, and adults.
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PMID:Need to revise the national drinking water regulation for copper. 866 36

Postcoital contraceptives are available for adolescent use in the US. They include combination oral contraceptives (OCs), high dose estrogens, danazol, and IUDs. Mifepristone (RU-486) is currently not available in the US but is used in France, the UK, and Sweden. Postcoital contraception is especially important for adolescents who have a very high pregnancy rate due to poor contraceptive use. Administration of 2-5 mg ethinyl estradiol (EE) for 5 days beginning within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse yields pregnancy rates ranging from 0-0.92%. EE-related side effects include nausea, vomiting, sore breasts, and irregular menstrual bleeding. DES should not be used, since it is associated with reproductive tract anomalies and vaginal cancers in exposed offspring. Conjugated estrogens have not been used in adolescents for postcoital contraception. The Yuzpe regimen consists of 2 tablets of a combined OC with 200 mg EE and 2 mg dl-norgestrel administered within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse followed by the same dose 12 hours later. Common side effects are nausea and vomiting. Its pregnancy rate is 1.8%. Levonorgestrel-containing OCs can also be used. Administration of 800-1200 mg danazol up to 120 hours after unprotected intercourse protects against pregnancy in about 98% of cases. Copper IUDs have a high efficacy rate when used as postcoital contraception (99.9%), but public opinion, medicolegal considerations, financial costs, and potential for infection impede IUD as a postcoital contraceptive in the US. RU-486 is best known as an abortifacient. It is also a potential postcoital contraceptive. Two UK studies find that RU-486 used as a postcoital contraceptive has a very low pregnancy rate and fewer side effects than the Yuzpe regimen and danazol. It is much more costly than currently used postcoital contraceptives (600 mg of RU-486 cost US$ 68, while Ovral costs US$ 0.48-2.24). Nevertheless, RU-486 may replace the higher doses of OCs as a postcoital contraceptive method.
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PMID:Postcoital contraception: present and future options. 774 40

More widespread availability of emergency contraceptive methods has the potential to drastically reduce unwanted pregnancy. At present, only 3% of women use such methods and only 10% know how to obtain them; another 25-30% are unaware of this option. Use of the regimens is indicated in cases of rape, unprotected intercourse, and contraceptive mishaps such as condom breakage or skipping more than two oral contraceptive pills. Currently available regimens include 200 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg of levonorgestrel taken in a split dose within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse, 0.75 mg of levonorgestrel taken within 8 hours of intercourse and repeated in 24 hours, 2-3 doses of 800 mg of the synthetic androgen danazol started within 72 hours of unprotected sex, insertion of a copper IUD, and a single dose of 600 mg of RU-486 within 72 hours; high doses of estrogen are no longer recommended due to serious side effects. Pregnancy rates range from 0.2-2.3% in users of combined estrogen and progesterone to 0.0-0.1% for the copper IUD and RU-486. The main side effects associated with these methods include nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, and disruption of the menstrual cycle. Given the safety, simplicity, and effectiveness of these postcoital methods, it is recommended that all family planning programs make emergency contraception available.
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PMID:Emergency contraception. 789 64

Many women in the Netherlands depend on a postcoital contraceptive (PCC) method in situations of unprotected intercourse. The incidence rate for abortions and for adolescent pregnancies in the Netherlands is the lowest worldwide. Dutch society matter-of-factly accepts adolescent sexuality and provides formal and informal sex education and readily accessible contraceptive services. Emergency contraception should be administered within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse (e.g., rape or incest) or mechanical contraceptive failure. Administration of 5 mg ethinyl estradiol (EE) for 5 days as a PCC first occurred in the Netherlands in 1964, and PCC usage peaked at 55,000 in 1975. Side effects of EE include, in order of frequency, nausea, vomiting, tender breasts, and menorrhagia. Possible modes of action for EE are more rapid transport of fertilized ova through the oviduct and slowed maturation of the endometrium, resulting in suppressed implantation. The Yuzpe PCC method involves 4 tablets of a combined oral contraceptive (each tablet with 50 mcg EE + 250 mcg levonorgestrel) administered within 72 hours followed by 2 tablets 12 hours later. Side effects are similar to those of EE alone, as is the effectiveness rate. A dose of 0.75 mg levonorgestrel alone is as effective at preventing pregnancy as the Yuzpe regimen. Side effects are considerably less common with the levonorgestrel regimen than the Yuzpe regimen. For women who present more than 72 hours after and less than 7 days after unprotected intercourse or for those with contraindications to estrogen, a copper-releasing IUD can serve as a PCC. A postcoital IUD can cause serious complications for women with a sexually transmitted disease, however. Taking RU-486 during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle greatly drops plasma levels of progesterone and estradiol. Postovulatory administration of an antiprogestogen is the best PCC method because of minimal side effects and a high success rate.
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PMID:Emergency contraception: a review. 795 9

Methemoglobinemia among infants is a rare and potentially fatal condition caused by genetic enzyme deficiencies, metabolic acidosis, and exposure to certain drugs and chemicals. The most widely recognized environmental cause of this problem is ingestion of nitrate-containing water. Ingestion of copper causes abdominal discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, and in cases of high-level exposure, vomiting. This report summarizes an investigation by the Division of Health, Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services of methemoglobinemia associated with ingestion of nitrate- and copper-containing water in an infant during 1992.
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PMID:Methemoglobinemia in an infant--Wisconsin, 1992. 845 Aug 25

This article summarizes two investigations that examine the health effects of prolonged exposure to copper-contaminated drinking water. The first study was initiated after elevated copper levels were detected in several homes that were either newly constructed or recently remodeled. All of these homes were served by the same municipal water supplier. The second case involved illnesses and water-quality problems that were reported by several residents of a mobile home park shortly after a new water distribution system was installed. Findings from these investigations suggest that copper-contaminated drinking water may be a fairly common cause of nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and headaches-especially among residents of new or recently-remodeled homes, and in areas where water supplies are naturally corrosive.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal upsets and new copper plumbing--is there a connection? 944 8

We report a 56-year old female with mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), presenting with protein-losing gastroenteropathy and serum copper deficiency. There was no neuromuscular disease in her family members. Three years prior to admission, she developed severe gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and ascites, and was diagnosed as having protein-losing gastroenteropathy based on alpha(1)-antitrypsin clearance and other tests. She was referred to our department when neurological symptoms were apparent. Neurological examinations revealed bilateral ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, hearing loss, facial and limb muscle weakness, mild sensory deficit of vibration on her feet and hypoactive deep tendon reflexes. Pigmentary retinopathy, cerebellar ataxia and heart block were not seen. Serum copper level was decreased to 45 micrograms/dl (normal: 83-155). Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction was proven by X-ray studies, and diffuse leukoencephalopathy demonstrated on brain MRI. On EMG, motor nerve conduction velocities were prolonged with temporal dispersion. Her muscle biopsy from biceps brachii muscle showed both neuropathic and myopathic changes, scattered ragged-red fibers and focal cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction analysis on mitochondrial DNA showed no deletions nor point mutations. The clinical and pathologic findings of the present patient fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) proposed by Hirano et al. There are few reported patients with MNGIE in Japan, but none presented with protein-losing gastroenteropathy and serum copper deficiency. Since the copper is a cofactor of cytochrome c oxidase, decreased serum copper level may aggravate the respiratory chain enzyme metabolism in mitochondria. Therefore, treatment for gastrointestinal tract disturbance and copper administration may be necessary to prevent disease progression.
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PMID:[Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy presenting with protein-losing gastroenteropathy and serum copper deficiency: a case report]. 949 Sep 4

An 18-year-old white woman had nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Copper-colored skin was noted on physical examination, and serum chemistry values were normal. Subsequent fever, disorientation, and confusion led to the discovery of Addison's disease, which responded well to corticosteroid replacement therapy. Addisonian and anorexic patients exhibit clinical similarities, including nausea, vomiting, weight loss, abdominal pain, cold intolerance, hypothermia, and orthostasis. Other commonalities include prolongation of electrocardiographic PR and QT intervals and generalized slowing on electroencephalogram. Important differences include a brown color to the skin in Addison's disease instead of a yellowish color in anorexia. Addisonian patients also display hypocortisolism, hypoglycemia, and hyperkalemia, in contrast to the hypercortisolism, hyperglycemia, and hypokalemia seen in anorexia.
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PMID:Prompt differentiation of Addison's disease from anorexia nervosa during weight loss and vomiting. 949 78


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