Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of d-Norgestrel associated with Ethinylestradiol (Neogynon 21) as postcoital contraception and to report on the clinical experience obtained with this type of contraception. 323 women were treated during 72 h. period following unprotected intercourse. All subjects received 0,2 mg Ethinylestradiol and 1 mg d-Norgestrel (Levonorgestrel) in 2 equally divided doses 12 hours apart. - 1 mg Levonorgestrel was observed to be as effective as 2 mg of the racemic Norgestrel. PCC given during the first part of the cycle, shortened the latter in 80% of relevant cases. Nausea occurred in 30.3% of all patients; among these 14.2% also mentioned vomiting. Three pregnancies occurred of which only one could be attributed to method failure. The corrected failure rate is thus estimated at 0.3%.
 ...
PMID:[Post-coital contraception using a combination of d-norgestrel and ethinyloestradiol]. 403 32

Postcoital contraceptives, the so-called "morning after pill," are agents used as emergency treatment to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive accidents. In the 1960s and early 1970s high doses of estrogens were used in 5-day courses such as diethylstilbestrol 25-50 mg a day or ethinyl estradiol 0.5-5 mg a day begun within 72 hours after coitus. Although effective, a considerable drawback of the associated nausea and vomiting as well as an increased risk of menstrual disturbance during the treatment cycle. Norgestrel alone in various dosages has been used postcoitally. Quingestanol has been used as a continuing postcoital agent in Latin America but proved unacceptable owing to nausea and irregular bleeding. In China "visiting pills" have been devised containing anordrin. In the West regimens of this sort have been superseded by the Yuzpe treatment of 100 mcg ethinylestradiol and 0.5 mg levonorgestrel initially, repeated after precisely 12 hours. The treatment must be initiated within 72 hours of exposure. Postcoital contraceptives act by combinations of mechanisms--the function of the corpus luteum is disrupted, tubal motility may be affected, and changes in endometrial biochemistry prevent ovoimplantation. In a multicenter trial involving 602 women Yuzpe reported a pregnancy rate of 1.6%. Other workers show comparable figures of 0-3%. The primary side effects of the current hormonal method are nausea, which occurs in 61% of cases, and vomiting, 20% of cases. Both are mild and of short duration. All postcoital methods carry a risk of ectopic pregnancy should the treatment fail. 3 ectopic pregnancies were recorded with diethylstilbestrol and 1 recently with the Yuzpe regimen. There have been no reports of thromboembolic complications. If a hormonal form of postcoital treatment fails, the theoretical possibility of the pregnancy being harmed cannot be ruled out. The patient needs to be counseled about this, and careful records should be kept. Also important is the taking of an accurate menstrual and coital history to exclude exposures earlier in the menstrual cycle. Lippes and coworkers showed the efficacy of copper IUDs as postcoital agents. These can be used up to 5 days from intercourse. An IUD is preferred if hormones are contraindictated, if exposure was more than 72 hours beforehand, if the woman desires the most effective method, and if she wants the IUD for longterm contraception. Postcoital contraception, however defined, raises ethical questions. Postcoital methods could be classed as contraceptive rather than abortive within the maximum period (defined by medical scientific consensus) that may elapse between intercourse and nidation.
 ...
PMID:Postcoital contraception. 613 82

Postcoital contraception, or "interception" of the blastocyte before it implants in the uterus, is an effective method of contraception which is recommended for more frequent use, though only as indicated in emergencies such as rape, rupture of condom, 1st sexual experience without contraception, and isolated sexual relations without contraception. General contraindications include already existing pregnancy and multiple risk of pregnancy in a single menstrual cycle. There are 3 types of accepted hormonal postcoital contraception--estragens alone, progestagens alone, and combined estrogen and progestagen-- which must begin within 48-72 hours after intercourse. Estrogens most commonly suggested are 1) diethylstilbestrol (DES), 50 mg daily for 5 days, 2) conjugated estrogens, 10 mg daily for 5-6 days, and 3) ethinyl estradiol (EE), 5 mg daily for 5 days. The high dosages required for effectiveness can cause complications, the most severe being ectopic pregnancy, but the failure rate of this method is only .7%. The failure rate using progestagens alone is inversely proportional to the administered dose (i.e., 1% for 1 mg of D-norgestrel or levonorgestrel). Norgestrel and quingestanol are used most frequently with the most severe complication being disturbance of the cycle. Oral administration of the combination pill containing .05 mg EE and .25 mg D-norgestrel, at a 12-hour interval is the most widely accepted hormonal method, as the short treatment period assures patient compliance, the low estrogen dosages reduce the occurrence of side effects, although 40-50% still experience nausea, and the contraindications are the same as for general estrogens-progestagens. Intrauterine postcoital contraception involves insertion of a coil, which prevents implantation of the blastocyte in the uterus, and has been shown to be 100% effective, although no extensive series have been publicized as compared with the hormonal methods. Where postcoital contraception is used, a detailed history should be obtained to determine risk of pregnancy and possible contraindications, and the patient should be informed of the side effects and procedural methods.
 ...
PMID:[Postcoital contraception (without prostaglandins)]. 648 43

Current interceptive methods of contraception utilizable between ovulation and nidation include hormonal methods and IUDs. Since the 1st clinical study of the use of high doses of estrogen as a postcoital contraceptive appeared in 1967, the remarkable efficacy of the method has been confirmed by numerous other studies. The most important series used 50 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) or 5 mg ethinyl estradiol (EE) per day for 5 days beginning within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse. The mechanism by which estrogens exercise their interception are unclear, but there are probably several factors involved including luteolysis and anomalies in endometrial development. The method is highly effective but rates of nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, and to a lesser degree menorrhagia are high. The incidence of extrauterine pregnancy is about 1 per 10 intrauterine pregnancies for any postcoital method. Estrogen postcoital contraception is preferable to DES because of the fear of genital adenosis or vaginal adenocarcinoma in case of failure of DES. Opinion is divided as to the teratogenic risks of high doses of estrogens in general. Postcoital contraception with a progestin, levonorgestrel, which renders the endometrium inhospitable to nidation, was 1st described in 1973. The efficacy of norgestrel alone depends on the dose used. The most common secondary effects are spotting and cycle shortening. The method has the advantage of requiring a very small dose, but the disadvantage of requiring administration in the 12 hours following intercourse. Several combinations of estrogens and progestins have been proposed for postcoital use, of which the most interesting consists of 1 mg of dl-norgestrel and 100 mcg of EE repeated exactly 12 hours later. The treatment should be administered within 12 hours of unprotected intercourse. A multicenter study of 692 women treated with this method gave a pregnancy rate of 1.6%, which would have been lower if 4 women not meeting the conditions of treatment had been excluded. 52.7% of women treated had nausea or vomiting. Compared to estrogens alone, the EE-Norgestrel combination takes less time, requires 4 pills instead of 50 or 60, is better tolerated overall, and requires much less estrogen. Postcoital insertion of an IUD is very effective and has the advantages that it can be used later than 72 hours following intercourse, it is the only method currently available in case OCs are contraindicated, it allows subsequent longterm effective contraception, and it is 100% effective. The major disadvantages are pain on periovulatory or postovulatory insertion and the risk of infection. Possible future hormonal methods of postcoital contraception based on use of anti-progesterone steroids, especially RU486, or of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist are currently under development.
 ...
PMID:[Post-coital contraception]. 1228 Feb 7