Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Methotrexate (MTX), which has been used for years in cancer treatment, is now being proposed as a first-line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), despite its potential side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term efficacy, safety and relative cost of low-dose MTX for the treatment of RA. We carried out an open, nonrandomized trial in which patients received a 7 mg injection of MTX once per week, with clinical and biological follow up. A single physician performed the weekly assessments, which involved evaluation of the duration of morning stiffness, the number of night awakenings, the number of painful and swollen joints and Ritchie's index. Blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were determined monthly. Twelve RA patients were enrolled in the trial, over a mean treatment period of 356 +/- 175 days. A significant improvement was observed in all variables except the number of swollen joints. Ritchie's index decreased from a mean of 31.8 +/- 11.85 to 6.5 +/- 8.98 (p<1.6 x 10- 4). Minor adverse reactions were observed but none indicated treatment withdrawal: 6 cases of nausea, 2 of a moderate increase in transaminase activity, 1 of bronchitis, in which the responsibility of MTX was not definitely established and 3 cases in which hemoglobin levels decreased. The monthly cost of the treatment, including the drug itself and laboratory tests, is lower than that of gold salt injection. Three issues of key importance in our region were investigated in this study: 1) the possible desire to become pregnant of female patients undergoing MTX treatment. In addition, some of the young and unmarried patients did not understand or appreciate the contraceptive effects of the treatment; 2) poor compliance with the treatment due to limited financial resources. Many patients did not regularly attend for their follow-up appointments and many stopped taking the medication. One third of the patients were lost to follow-up during this study; 3) the prevalence of chronic hepatitis, which may limit the use of MTX in our region. Serological tests should be performed before the treatment is started and a liver biopsy is recommended for patients with chronic hepatitis B or C.
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PMID:[Treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis with methotrexate in Dakar: efficacy, tolerance and cost]. 1082 66

The catecholamine dopamine (DA), activates two distinct classes of DA-specific receptors in the cardiovascular system and kidney--each capable of influencing systemic blood pressure. D1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells mediate vasodilation, while on renal tubular cells they modulate sodium excretion. D2 receptors on pre-synaptic nerve terminals influence noradrenaline release and, consequently, heart rate and vascular resistance. Activation of both, by low dose DA lowers blood pressure. While DA also binds to alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors, selective agonists at both DA receptor classes have been studied in the treatment of hypertension. An unfavourable side-effect profile (largely nausea and orthostasis) have precluded wide use of D2 agonists. In contrast, the D1 selective agonist fenoldopam has been licensed for the parenteral treatment of severe hypertension. Apart from inducing systemic vasodilation it induces a diuresis and natriuresis, enhanced renal blood flow, and a small increment in glomerular filtration rate. Evidence is emerging that abnormalities in DA production, or in signal transduction of the D1 receptor in renal proximal tubules, may result in salt retention and high blood pressure in some humans and in several animal models of hypertension.
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PMID:Dopamine: a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension. 1085 81

Patients with acute viral hepatitis B, A and mixed hepatitis B + C were treated in two independent clinics with phosphogliv--a new hepatoprotective drug based on polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine and glycyrrhizic acid salt. Phosphogliv removed some symptoms of intoxication (nausea, weakness, jaundice, etc.) quicker than basic therapy. Among biochemical hepatitis markers, serum bilirubin level was most responsive to phosphogliv. Standard therapy decreases bilirubin by 30% on the average for 5 days, phosphogliv reduces bilirubin for one more week to half those values observed in control patients. At that point low aminotransferase activities were seen in phosphogliv treated patients. No side effects were seen. The new hepatoprotector phosphogliv which repairs biomembranes represents drugs of new generation compared to phospholipid drug essential.
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PMID:[New domestic phospholipid preparation "Fosfogliv" as an effective treatment for patients with acute viral hepatitis]. 1088 9

A prospective, double-blind controlled study was designed to determine the acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of nausea in an apparently healthy population of 179 individuals who drank copper-containing water as the sulfate salt. Subjects were recruited at three different international sites and given a blind, randomly selected dose (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg Cu/L) in a bolus of 200 ml (final total copper dose was equivalent to 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg) once weekly over a consecutive 5-week period. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, or diarrhea were screened for a period of up to 24 h. Nausea was the most frequently reported effect and was reported within the first 15 min of ingestion. For the combined trisite population (n=179), 8, 9, 14, 25, and 44 subjects responded positively to one or more GI symptoms at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg Cu/L, respectively. Analysis of the data demonstrated a clear dose response to the combined positive GI effects and to nausea alone. Statistically significant greater reporting of effects occurred at 6 and 8 mg Cu/L. Therefore, an acute NOAEL and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 4 and 6 mg Cu/L (0.8 and 1.2 mg Cu), respectively, were determined in drinking water for a combined international human population.
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PMID:Determination of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for copper in water. 1160 56

The resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the chloroquine-proguanil association (C/P) as antimalarial chemoprophylaxis is becoming increasingly common in Africa. Daily oral doxycycline hyclate 100 mg is effective as malaria prophylaxis. But the hyclate salt's adverse effects combined with the capsule's galenic form are incompatible with good chemoprophylaxis compliance. We conducted a randomized group study of 522 French soldiers deployed in Gabon and Chad for 4 months to determine the tolerability of short-term malaria chemoprophylaxis with a 100-mg daily tablet of a monohydrate doxycycline salt compared with a daily C/P capsule. At days 7 and 120, compliance was better in the doxycycline group [respectively 98.5%vs. 73.9% (P < 0.001) and 90.5%vs. 74% (P < 0.001)]. No major event (evacuation, hospitalization) was related to the medications. Epigastralgia, diarrhoea, urticaria, mouth ulcers, sun sensitization and desquamation were significantly more frequent in the C/P group (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference for malaria incidence, vertigo, nausea and hair loss. These results suggest that doxycycline monohydrate may be safely used in short-term malaria chemoprophylaxis. With the same efficacy as a hyclate doxycycline, doxycycline monohydrate could be a good chemoprophylaxis for short-term travellers at particular risk of C/P resistant P. falciparum malaria.
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PMID:Tolerability of doxycycline monohydrate salt vs. chloroquine-proguanil in malaria chemoprophylaxis. 1239 May 96

Tremor is one of the cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease (PD) but its response to antiparkinsonian medication is variable. It has been postulated that pramipexole may have a stronger antiparkinsonian tremor effect than pergolide, another direct acting dopamine agonist medication, possibly because the former has preferential affinity for the dopamine D3 receptor. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the effects of a single oral dose of either pramipexole (Pr) or pergolide (Pe) or placebo (Pl) on parkinsonian tremor and the motor (part III) subsection of the UPDRS. Ten patients (6 men, 4 women), mean age 65.3 years, mean duration from diagnosis of 2.6 years, with tremor dominant PD were recruited. On three separate occasions a single dose of pramipexole (salt) 500 microg, pergolide 500 microg or placebo were administered in random order to each patient, who were pretreated with domperidone and had their antiparkinsonian medication withheld from midnight before study. After each medication patients were assessed at baseline and then every 30 min for 4 hr using a 0 to 10 tremor rating scale and the UPDRS (part III) in a double-blind protocol. Adverse effects were systematically recorded. The results demonstrate that 500 microg of either pramipexole or pergolide reduced PD rest tremor scores to a similar degree, which at peak effect was significantly greater than placebo (respectively Pe v Pl: P < 0.006, Pr v Pl: P < 0.033). The two active drugs also had weaker beneficial effects on the UPDRS part III. Pergolide, however, was significantly more likely than pramipexole to cause nausea (P = 0.005) or vomiting (P = 0.014).
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PMID:Double-blind, single-dose, cross-over study of the effects of pramipexole, pergolide, and placebo on rest tremor and UPDRS part III in Parkinson's disease. 1253 11

The analog, rebeccamycin tartrate salt (NSC 655649, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute) has broad preclinical anti-neoplastic activity. Preliminary data from phase I study demonstrated antitumor activity in colorectal carcinoma. This phase II trial evaluates its efficacy in patients with minimally treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Eligibility included Karnofsky performance status > or = 70%, age > or = 18 years and bidimensionally measurable disease. Thirteen patients were treated with NSC 655649 at 500 mg/m2 by central venous catheter once every 3 weeks by bolus injection. Thirty-four cycles (median [range] 2 [1-6]) of therapy were administered. Twelve patients are eligible for response assessment. No major objective responses were seen using the RECIST criteria; however stable disease was observed in three patients with mean duration of 15 weeks. The median time to progression was 8 weeks. There was no toxic death. Four patients received only one cycle of treatment, and three had disease progression. Toxicities were tolerable and hematologic toxicity was the most common. The median (range) granulocyte and platelet nadir counts were 2043/microl (116-16,374/microl) and 276 x 10(3)/ microl (5-769), respectively. Non-hematologic toxicities were moderate, including generalized weakness/fatigue, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia. One patient required dose reduction; three patients required dose delays. NSC 655649 at this dose and schedule is inactive against advanced previously minimally treated metastatic colorectal cancer and further study of this drug as a single agent in this disease using an every three-week schedule is not warranted.
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PMID:A phase II study of rebeccamycin analog NSC 655649 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. 1279 35

In a double blind, 3x3 factorial (volumexdose) study, 70 adult females (18-60 years of age) at four different international sites (total pooled n=269) were given 100, 150, or 200ml of bottled drinking water with 0.4, 0.8, or 1.2mg of copper (Cu) as the sulfate salt once each week. Two additional doses (0 and 1.6mg Cu) were added at the 200ml volume to determine a dose-response relationship and corroborate previously reported results. All subjects completed a questionnaire at 0, 0.25, and 1h post-dosing that screened for positive gastrointestinal (GI) effects (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea). Nausea was the most prevalent symptom reported and was generally reported within the first 15min (water volume, p<0.032; copper dose, p<0.0001; and water volumexcopper interaction, p<0.97). As volume increased, the effect of Cu-induced nausea decreased; as Cu dose increased, the incidence of nausea increased. At 200ml, a significant increase in reported incidence of nausea at 0.25h occurred at 1.2 mg Cu (6mg Cu/L), indicating a NOAEL of 0.8mg Cu (4mg Cu/L) for adult females. These data confirm a previously determined human acute NOAEL for Cu added to distilled water, and provide additional, controlled human data for determining safe concentrations of Cu in drinking water.
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PMID:Confirmation of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect and low-observed-adverse-effect level for copper in bottled drinking water in a multi-site international study. 1462 88

Pituitary coma is a rare case of emergency and primarily due to ACTH and TSH deficiency. Pituitary coma occurs more often in patients with well-known pituitary deficiency than in patients with intrasellar tumor. Clinical manifestations are hypotonia, bradycardia, decreased skin and nipple pigmentation, muscle weakness, vomitus, nausea, obstipation, hypothermia, and hypoventilation. A postpartal agalactia is often the first sign of Sheehan's syndrome. Unlike primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) ACTH deficiency does not cause hyperpigmentation, hyperkalemia, or salt loss. The suspicion of pituitary coma requires replacement with 100 mg hydrocortisone iv, 200 mg hydrocortisone iv/24 h, 500 micro g levothyroxine iv and fluid substitution. Since thyroxine accelerates the degradation of cortisol and can precipitate adrenal crisis in patients with limited pituitary reserve, hydrocortisone replacement should always precede levothyroxine therapy. ACTH stimulation test, CRH stimulation test and insulin tolerance test (optional) should be performed after therapeutic compensation to determine pituitary function.
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PMID:[Hypophyseal coma]. 1468 87

The patient was a 77-year-old man who underwent radical cystectomy and ileal conduit urinary diversion due to bladder cancer in 1989. A stenosis of the right uretero-ileal anastomosis occurred in 1992, and of the left uretero-ileal anastomosis in 1999. These were treated with indwelling of a ureteral stent and percutaneous nephrostomy, respectively. He was admitted to our hospital for progressive renal dysfunction due to frequent pyelonephritis. We performed a reconstruction of the ileal conduit urinary diversion and after the removal of the bilateral ureteral stent he complained of nausea and general malaise. The laboratory data showed hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and azotemia, which were diagnosed as complication liked jejunal conduit syndrome. He was treated with hydration and salt supplementation. With regard to this case, we considered that a long ileal conduit close to the jejunum and renal dysfunction caused the complication liked jejunal conduit syndrome. Careful observation and follow-up laboratory examination should be performed if the patient has renal dysfunction and a long conduit near the jejunum is used for the ileal conduit.
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PMID:[A case report of complication liked jejunal conduit syndrome induced by reconstruction of ileal conduit]. 1510 28


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