Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three placebo-controlled double-blind and crossover trials were carried out to analyze the effects of oral yohimbine (YOH) 0.8 mg/kg on mood and performance in 16 healthy students. Subjective assessments (visual analogue scales, side-effects on questionnaire) and objective measurements (digit symbols, flicker fusion, tapping, heterophoria) were done at baseline, and post treatment. YOH shifted the healthy subjects' mood towards feeling panicked, elevated systolic blood pressure and plasma prolactin concentrations, reduced digit symbol substitution, and induced drowsiness and passiveness. Caffeine (CAF) 10 mg/kg raised plasma cortisol and rendered the subjects slightly panicked. Muzziness, clumsiness, tremor, chills and nausea were common after both YOH and CAF. Diazepam (DZ) 0.3 mg/kg given at 60 min antagonized some effects of CAF but failed to antagonize YOH. Clonidine (CLO) 100 micrograms counteracted YOH effects on blood pressure but less the subjective and hormonal effects. CLO 200 micrograms partly antagonized the pressor, sedative but not the hormonal responses of YOH. DZ counteracted YOH effects on plasma cortisol on panic but not on other subjective measures or plasma prolactin. Since CLO did not abolish YOH-induced prolactin increase, it is suggested that these effects of YOH are mediated not only via adrenergic alpha 2-receptors; other mechanisms made important contributions.
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PMID:Anxiogenic effect of yohimbine in healthy subjects: comparison with caffeine and antagonism by clonidine and diazepam. 315 10

The extrapulmonary effects of slow-release theophylline and an inhaled beta 2-agonist (albuterol) were examined separately and in combination among 18 adults and adolescents with asthma during a 3-month randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Although neither global impressions nor daily diaries revealed differences in adverse effects, a structured questionnaire completed at the end of each regimen suggested a small but statistically significant increase in nausea and depressive and caffeine-like symptoms during the theophylline-containing regimens. Theophylline was also associated with improved verbal learning but decreased motor steadiness. Metabolic effects associated with theophylline included lower serum bicarbonate, greater urinary calcium excretion, and higher serum calcium, uric acid, and creatinine. Albuterol was associated with lower neutrophil counts and lower serum theophylline concentrations. There were no drug-induced effects on cardiac rhythm.
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PMID:Extrapulmonary effects of maintenance therapy with theophylline and inhaled albuterol in patients with chronic asthma. 353 92

The efficacy of safety of naproxen sodium and ergotamine tartrate were compared for the treatment of acute migraine attack in a randomized, parallel trial with 114 participating patients. At the start of symptoms, patients took either three tablets of naproxen sodium (275 mg each) or one of an ergotamine combination (containing 2 mg ergotamine tartrate, 91.5 mg caffeine, and 50 mg cyclizine chlorhydrate). Patients were followed for three months or until six attacks were monitored, whichever came first. Both medications substantially shortened the duration of migraine attacks and reduced the severity of symptoms. When the test medications were taken within 2 h of onset of attack, naproxen sodium was statistically significantly more effective than the ergotamine combination in reducing the severity of headache pain, nausea, and lightheadedness. The ergotamine combination was associated with significantly more vomiting, need for rescue medication, and side effects than was naproxen sodium. Four patients required discontinuation of the ergotamine combination and one of naproxen sodium. Both patients and investigators rated tolerance for naproxen sodium as superior to tolerance for the ergotamine combination. Naproxen sodium seems to be an effective and safe treatment for migraine attacks.
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PMID:Acute migraine attack therapy: comparison of naproxen sodium and an ergotamine tartrate compound. 392 22

In 100 patients with irritable bowel syndrome a wide variety of non-gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more common than in a group of 100 age, sex, and social class matched controls. Nocturia, frequency and urgency of micturition, incomplete bladder emptying, back pain, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, a constant feeling of tiredness and in women dyspareunia were particularly prominent (p less than 0.001). With reference to non-colonic gastrointestinal symptoms nausea, vomiting, dysphagia and early satiety were very common (p less than 0.0001). This symptom diversity was observed irrespective of whether the patient had a psychiatric disorder or not. Patients smoked more than controls (p = 0.02) drank more caffeine containing drinks (p = 0.03) and 26% had taken at least one week off work in the previous 12 months. Thirty three per cent of patients had a family history of irritable bowel syndrome. Cognisance of these diverse symptoms may prevent referral to the wrong medical specialty and inappropriate investigation. They may also be indicative of a much more diffuse disorder of smooth muscle than has previously been appreciated.
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PMID:Non-colonic features of irritable bowel syndrome. 394 35

Fifty-two patients, most of whom had had daily headaches for years, were examined and treated. Among them there were 40 who originally had migraine, the others had vasomotor or post-contusional headaches. Average duration of the migraine was 21 years, of chronic headache 7.6 years. All patients had been taking analgesics of a mixed type regularly and for a long time, on average 35.6 tablets or suppositories weekly. All patients had taken more than three different drugs. After an observation period of 3-6 months for grading the headaches and registering the amount of drug intake, all patients were admitted to hospital when all analgesics were at once discontinued. Changing degrees of withdrawal symptoms were the rule: increased headaches, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, sweating, sleep disorders, and in some also hallucinations and cerebral episodes. At the end of the hospital stay chronic headache had completely disappeared or markedly improved in 77% of patients. Even after an average of 16 months of subsequent observation, chronic headache continued to be significantly improved in 70% of patients. There was a significant reduction in frequency and intensity of attacks in the patients with originally typical migraine. Regular intake of analgesics of the mixed type induces chronic headaches. These are most commonly caused by ergotamine tartrate and aminophenol derivatives, while psychological and physical dependence on anti-migraine drugs is initiated and maintained by additional barbiturates, caffeine and codeine.
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PMID:[Chronic analgesic-induced headache]. 614 24

Classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of migraine, cluster, and muscle-contraction (tension) headaches are reviewed. Migraine headache is related to vasomotor changes and is often preceded or accompanied by neurologic symptoms, nausea, and vomiting. Ergot alkaloids are used in acute migraine episodes; products containing caffeine are sometimes used for synergy. Other agents including antiemetic and sedative drugs and a combination product containing isometheptene mucate , dichloralphenazone , and acetaminophen have been used. Methysergide is the drug of choice for migraine prophylaxis. Of all patients with cluster headache, 90% experience episodes that occur in series separated by intervals as short as one week or as long as 25 years, and the remaining 10% have chronic headache. Pain is unilateral, nausea and vomiting are rare, and there is no aura. Pathophysiology is thought to be similar to that of migraine. Supportive treatment includes drug therapy to improve sleep and avoidance of alcohol and vasodilating agents. Aerosol ergot preparations may be effective for treatment of acute episodes . Prednisone has been used both as an abortive agent and for prophylaxis, while ergotamine, methysergide, and lithium have been tried prophylactically. Chronic tension headache is a constant, tight, pressing, or bandlike sensation in the frontal, temporal, or occipital area that occurs daily. The deep, steady ache differs from the throbbing sensation of vascular headache. Constant overcontraction of scalp muscles may be a cause. Heat, massage, and stretching are used to alleviate excess muscle contraction. Tension headache has been treated with analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, muscle relaxants, and amitriptyline. Drug treatment of headache must be based on headache type and tailored to individual response. Bio-feedback may be useful in some patients when combined with drugs.
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PMID:Classification, mechanisms, and management of headache. 637

The main treatment of the acute migraine attack remains sleep, sedation, an anti-nauseant and analgesics, and in some patients 1 or 2 mg of ergotamine tartrate. Drugs containing large amounts of caffeine should not be used. Absorption of drugs may be impaired in a migraine attack. Metoclopramide is probably the anti-emetic of choice because it is an effective anti-nauseant and promotes normal gastrointestinal activity. Domperidone has a similar action but is said not to go through the blood-brain barrier, so is less likely to cause extrapyramidal reactions. All drugs, including analgesics such as aspirin and paracetamol, are best given in a soluble or effervescent form. Where vomiting occurs early in the attack, suppositories may be indicated. Ergotamine tartrate is necessary in about one third of attacks and is best given by suppository or by inhalation. Doses higher than 2 mg per attack or 6 mg in one week may cause toxic symptoms, the early signs of which are headache, nausea, vomiting and a feeling of not being very well. The non-drug treatments of an acute attack include pressing on the temporal artery, hot and cold compresses and relaxation.
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PMID:Treatment of the acute migraine attack--current status. 640 72

Sumatriptan is a potent and selective agonist at a vascular serotonin1 (5-hydroxytryptamine1; 5-HT1) receptor subtype (similar to 5-HT1D) and is used in acute treatment of migraine and cluster headache. Following administration of sumatriptan 100mg orally, relief of migraine headache (at 2 hours) was achieved in 50 to 67% of patients compared with 10 to 31% with placebo in controlled clinical trials. In a comparative study, oral administration of sumatriptan 100mg consistently achieved significantly greater response rates than a fixed combination of ergotamine 2mg plus caffeine 200mg during 3 consecutive migraine attacks (66 vs 48% for first attack). Oral sumatriptan 100mg was also more effective than aspirin 900mg plus metoclopramide 10mg orally in a similar study. In the majority of controlled clinical trials, headache relief (at 1 hour after administration) was achieved in 70 to 80% of patients with migraine receiving sumatriptan 6mg subcutaneously compared with 18 to 26% of placebo recipients. Approximately 40% of patients who initially responded to oral or subcutaneous sumatriptan experienced recurrence of their headache, usually within 24 hours, but the majority of these patients responded well to a further dose of sumatriptan. Patients with cluster headache were treated for acute attacks with sumatriptan 6mg subcutaneously or placebo in 2 crossover trials. Headache relief was achieved within 15 minutes in 74 and 75% of patients receiving sumatriptan in these studies compared with 26 and 35%, respectively, with placebo. Patients receiving sumatriptan 12mg had a similar response rate as those receiving 6mg, but the higher dose was associated with an increased incidence of adverse events. Based on extensive safety data pooled from controlled clinical trials, sumatriptan is generally well tolerated and most adverse events are transient. The most frequently reported adverse events following oral administration include nausea, vomiting, malaise, fatigue and dizziness. Injection site reactions (minor pain and redness of brief duration) occur in approximately 40% of patients receiving subcutaneous sumatriptan, although the incidence appears to be markedly reduced when patients self-administer the drug with an auto-injector. Chest symptoms (mainly tightness and pressure) occur in 3 to 5% of sumatriptan recipients, but have not been associated with myocardial ischaemia except in a few isolated cases. Sumatriptan is contraindicated in patients with ischaemic heart disease, angina pectoris including Prinzmetal (variant) angina, previous myocardial infarction and uncontrolled hypertension, but is not contraindicated in patients with migraine and asthma. Data from long term studies in acute treatment of migraine and cluster headache suggest that sumatriptan remains effective and well tolerated over several months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Sumatriptan. A reappraisal of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine and cluster headache. 751 61

In this descriptive study, 20 midlife women experiencing chronic distressing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms recorded GI symptom severity in a symptom diary for a 30-day period and dietary intake in a 9-day food record. A wide variability in GI symptom severity was noted. Significant negative relationships were present between dietary fiber intake and abdominal pain, awakening with abdominal pain, nausea, awakening with nausea, and awakening with rectal pain. No significant relationships were noted between amount of caffeine or alcohol intake and distressing GI symptoms.
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PMID:Dietary fiber and distressing gastrointestinal symptoms in midlife women. 797

This paper describes the prevalence and correlates of symptoms and health problems in pregnancy using data from a prospective population study in London. Data on the prevalence of 11 symptoms and 12 health problems were obtained at three points in pregnancy from a consecutive sample of 1513 white women. Relationships were examined between these symptoms and a range of psychosocial factors including social class, education, marital status, income, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, attitude to pregnancy and whether the pregnancy was planned. Most women reported nausea and breast tenderness in early pregnancy. Heartburn, backache, constipation and headaches were also common. The prevalence of symptoms tended to increase with gestation except for nausea and vomiting. Women with manual occupations, minimum education, low income, single marital status and unplanned pregnancy reported more of most symptoms except nausea which was associated with higher social status. A negative attitude to pregnancy was associated with more headaches but was unrelated to nausea. Women who smoked reported more 'nerves and depression' but less nausea. In general, nausea and vomiting showed a different pattern of associations from all other symptoms.
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PMID:Symptoms and health problems in pregnancy: their association with social factors, smoking, alcohol, caffeine and attitude to pregnancy. 804 82


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