Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effectiveness, side effects and serum FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol and progesterone levels were monitored in 79 women taking Anteovin for a total of 506 cycles (mean 6.4 cycles). Anteovin is a biphasic oral contraceptive with 11 tablets containing 0.05 mg levonorgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol, and 10 tablets containing 0.125 mg levonorgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol. There were no pregnancies. 11 women dropped out because of hepatomegaly (1), bleeding disorder (3), gastric pain and nausea (1), breast pain (1), nausea and vomiting (1), and personal reasons (4). 10.3% of those continuing reported minor side effects. Menses occurred every 28 days for 3-5 days, with 2 cases of breakthrough bleeding but no oversuppression. Progesterone ranged from 1.5-2.0 nmol/1, estradiol varied between 68-93 pmol/1, LH stayed constant at 6.3-11 U/1, FSH remained at 5.8-6.8 U-1 without a peak, and prolactin levels were lower than those seen in control cycles. These hormone levels all resemble those observed in anovulatory cycles. This pill is especially suitable for teens and nulliparas.
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PMID:Clinicopharmacological examination of Anteovin. 343 59

A trial of a triphasic oral contraceptive in 13 women with polycystic- ovary syndrome is presented, backed up with data on levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, androstenedione, 17-OH-progesterone and other hormones. This illness is really a hyperandrogenic response of the ovary secondary to high gonadotropin levels and unopposed estrogens with low SHBG. Only mediocre results have been reported with low-dose oral contraceptive treatment, compared to earlier high-dose pills. The pills used here contained 50 mcg levonorgestrel (LNG) with 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE) for 6 days, 75 mcg LNG and 40 mcg EE for 5 days, and 125 mcg LNG with 30 mcg EE for 10 days. After 3 months of treatment LH levels fell from 29.7 to 3.6 mIU/m1; FSH fell from 12.3 to 2.6 mIU/m1, and the LH/FSH ratio decreased from 2.34 to 1.38. All androgens declined significantly (p0.01), into the normal range. Serum cortisol rose significantly from 16.9-36.7 mcg/100 ml. SHBG rose from 1.67-3.0 mcg/100 ml, the high limit of normal. Hirsutism and acne improved in all but 1 patient. 1 woman dropped out because of weight gain, and another because of nausea and headache. These results suggest that triphasic oral contraceptives may be safe and effective for chronic anovulatory syndrome.
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PMID:SHBG, testosterone, androstenedione, 17-OH-Progesterone plasma levels in PCO affected women treated with a triphasic oral contraceptive. 345 1

To collect data on clinical and laboratory effects of the oral contraceptives (OCs) marketed in Hungary, a prospective study was initiated in January 1983. Patient data were collected in regular intervals using standard statistical forms. During the first 2 years of the study, data were collected on 1256 women. A complete segment of the data was selected to be reported in this paper and included 1844 cycles of 121 women using a biphasic OC compared to 1940 cycles of 142 women using a classical formulation pill. The biphasic preparation was characterized by a very low levonorgestrel content with an average ethinyl estradiol dose; the reference preparation was a relatively high dose classical OC. No biologically significant difference was found between hormone and receptor levels. The basis of the comparison of the 2 preparations was the termination of OC use in the 2 groups as a function of time. The primary reasons for stopping administration of these preparations were unwanted pregnancy, medical reasons, critical age above 35, planned pregnancy, and other personal reasons. The difference between the 2 groups proved significant according to the life table method only in the category of medical reasons. Slightly more patients were lost to followup in the higher dose group. In the category of medical reasons, digestive tract complaints like nausea, vomiting, menstrual bleeding anomalies, too frequent bleeding-spotting, episodes of amenorrhea, weight gain, psychic disturbances, headache, breast tenderness, and swelling were prominent. These symptoms were most frequent in the first 3-4 months of OC use. The difference was due to the significantly higher rate of amenorrhea/hypomenorrhea, weight gain, and headache in the high dose monophasic pill group. The biphasic pill group was characterized by a slightly higher rate of gastrointestinal complaints and breast swelling. The overall difference favored the latter preparation. The biphasic OC did not cause a thrombotic change in homeostasis despite the fact that it was estrogen dominated. The basal levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were less affected in the biphasic OC users compared to the classical formulation OC users. Estradiol levels did not change significantly. The inhibition of ovulation was about the same with both treatment regimens.
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PMID:Clinical and endocrine effects of long-term hormonal contraception. 358 64

Triphasil, a low-dose combination oral contraceptive containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol, was tested in four Planned Parenthood clinics on 317 women between 18 and 34 years of age (mean, 23) for a total of 4,692 cycles, or 361 woman-years of usage. Approximately half these volunteers (165) were nulligravidas, and 309 (97.5%) were white. Despite instructions on proper tablet usage, there were 416 cycles (8.9%) in which one or more tablets were missed. Only one pregnancy occurred, in a cycle in which a total of four tablets was missed, for an uncorrected Pearl index of 0.28 pregnancies per 100 woman-years of usage. No pregnancy resulted from method failure, indicating a 100% efficacy rate for Triphasil when taken properly. The mean length of the menstrual cycle with Triphasil was 27.9 days; the mean length of menses, 4.4 days; and the mean latency period, 2.1 days. Menstrual flow was average in 64.1% of the subjects, light in 34.1%, heavy in 1.3% and variable in 0.5%. Amenorrhea during the tablet-free interval occurred in only 0.6% of the 4,692 cycles in which Triphasil was used. Breakthrough bleeding occurred in 6.9% of first cycles and 3.2% of total cycles; spotting, in 10.7% of first cycles and 4.4% of total cycles. Other symptoms that occurred with an incidence of greater than or equal to 1% were acne (1.0%), appetite increase (1.2%), breast discomfort (2.8%), breast enlargement (1.3%), gastrointestinal symptoms (1.7%), simple headache (1.4%) and nausea (1.1%). A total of 44 women (13.9%) discontinued treatment for medical reasons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Planned Parenthood experience with triphasil. 365 99

Postcoital contraception with ethinyl estradiol/dl-norgestrel in combination has been available to women students attending the University of British Columbia since 1974. This paper reports on the side effects, cycle control and efficacy, for a six-year period (1979-1985). In this sample of women 50% reported side effects of nausea alone or nausea with vomiting. Length of the menstrual cycle was shortened in women who took the medication prior to the expected day of ovulation. The number of pregnancies reported was significantly (p less than 0.002) less than the number expected had the medication not been taken. Some women took the medication even though there was a possibility of conception earlier in the cycle and this might account for four of the failures. The mode of action of the postcoital medication remains unsolved making it difficult to understand possible reasons for the other 14 failures.
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PMID:Postcoital contraception with dl-norgestrel/ethinyl estradiol combination: six years experience in a student medical clinic. 367 75

At this time 3 triphasics are widely used in the US: Ortho-Novum 7/7/7, Tri-Norinyl, and Triphasil. Ethinyl estradiol is the preferred estrogenic agent for the triphasic products. Torethindrone and levonorgestrel were chosen as the progestins for the triphasic products. It is the combined effects of estrogen and progestin in the triphasics that provide their contraceptive action. Triphasil increases both the estrogen and the progestin at midcycle; Tri-Norinyl and Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 elevate the progestin only. The midcycle surges of estrogen and luteinizing hormone are dampened, and ovulation is inhibited. The triphasics represent a 98.7% reduction in total steroid content since oral contraceptives (OCs) were introduced. An estrogen dose of 30-50 mcg will inhibit ovulation, and side effects with such a dose are considered tolerable. The triphasic OCs are in this range. An estrogen dose of 20 mcg has been tested but is slightly less effective and is not recommended. Contraceptive failures have occurred with the triphasic products. In 1486 women studied, 6 pregnancies have occurred. Of these failures, one may have been because of a drug interaction with a barbituate. 1 pregnancy was due to patient failure; 3 consecutive pills were missed. Only 2 pregnancies were certain drug failures. Because of the gentle suppression of ovarian function, it has been observed that the menstrual flow is less affected than by standard OCs. Due to the fact that less total steroid is delivered and more endometrial shedding occurs, it is hoped that the triphasic preparations will have less of a "lingering" effect on the return to functional fertility. Most of the published data on side effects is available from the UK, North America, and Europe on the formulation known in the US as Triphasil. Nausea, vomiting, breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, and breast tenderness appear to be the most common side effects. The major medical reasons for triphasic discontinuation include breast tenderness, weight gain, breakthrough bleeding, nausea and vomiting, headache, and increased bleeding during the 1 week of withdrawal. Rifampin and phenobarbital are examples of drugs found to decrease pill efficiency, including triphasics. Also, a triphasic may interfere with the action of another drug. The new triphasics are appropriate when starting new patients on OCs. Patient counseling is essential. Due to the low margin of error as a consequence of lesser suppression of ovarian function, the patient needs to be well instructed in how to take the pill and advised of the consequences of missed tables.
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PMID:The triphasics: insights for effective clinical use. 382 67

Ethinyl estradiol (EE), at a dosage of 5 mg/day for 5 consecutive days (5 mg EE) has generally been used for interception. A combination of 200 mcg EE and 2 mg dl--norgestrel (EE+NG) was porposed as an effective alternative. Efficacy and tolerance of these methods were compared in a randomized, double-blind study. A group of 465 women was studied with a follow-up rate of 94.3%. In the 5 mg EE group, a pregnancy rate of 0.9% was observed, and in the EE+NG group, a rate of 0.4% was found. These rates differ significantly from the expected rates (P0.0005, in both series). Nausea was noted in 59.1% of the 5 mg EE group in and 54.0% of the EE+NG group. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 20.8% and 15.8% respectively. The efficacy of both methods as alternative to morning-after medication was confirmed. The new method is preferable since treatment is limited to only 1 day.
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PMID:A comparison of high-dose estrogens versus low-dose ethinylestradiol and norgestrel combination in postcoital interception: a study in 493 women. 388 Dec 94

This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of d-Norgestrel associated with Ethinylestradiol (Neogynon 21) as postcoital contraception and to report on the clinical experience obtained with this type of contraception. 323 women were treated during 72 h. period following unprotected intercourse. All subjects received 0,2 mg Ethinylestradiol and 1 mg d-Norgestrel (Levonorgestrel) in 2 equally divided doses 12 hours apart. - 1 mg Levonorgestrel was observed to be as effective as 2 mg of the racemic Norgestrel. PCC given during the first part of the cycle, shortened the latter in 80% of relevant cases. Nausea occurred in 30.3% of all patients; among these 14.2% also mentioned vomiting. Three pregnancies occurred of which only one could be attributed to method failure. The corrected failure rate is thus estimated at 0.3%.
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PMID:[Post-coital contraception using a combination of d-norgestrel and ethinyloestradiol]. 403 32

Drug companies have been at work throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s trying to reduce the steroid content of their oral contraceptives (OCs). Researchers have been successful in reducing steroid content while maintaining effectiveness, thereby making OCs safer. In the 1st half of the natural menstrual cycle, a woman secretes estrogen as the dominant steroid product. In the 2nd half, estrogen is the principal reproductive hormone. Estrogens inhibit ovulation, possibly by inhibiting implantation, altering ovum transplant, or in some way preventing corpus luteum function, which is necessary to maintain early pregnancies and the endometrium. There are still only 2 estrogens and 6 progestins on the market today. They are probably the most thoroughly studied chemical ever seen in the history of pharmacy or medicine. 1 of the estrogens, mestranol, is really a drug of the past. In the body, mestranol is converted to ethinyl estradiol, the other estrogen on the market. Consequently, there is no reason to use mestranol itself. Within the dose range of 50-100 mcg, there's little difference in contraceptive effect. Progestins are the other active ingredient in the combination OC. Their principal action is the thickening of the cervical mucus, which prevents sperm penetration. Also, with sufficient progesterone, ovulation is inhibited, but this happens in only 40% of those patients taking, for instance, the "mini-pill" (which consists of progesterone only). The progestins and the estrogens work in concert to make OCs a highly effective contraceptive method. Recent surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and National Cancer Institute looked into the relative effectiveness of OCs. Nordette had a use effectiveness failure rate of 3.5; Ovral, 3.6. Loestrin 1/20 -- norethindrone acetate, 1 mg, and estinyl estradiol, 20 mcg -- shows a failure rate of 4.5. This indicates that the threshold for an effective dose of estinyl estradiol in OCs is 30 mcg. For 1 mini-pill, Ovrette, the failure rate is 9.5 -- much higher. Depo-Provera has a failure rate of 0.7. The primary complaint from women taking OCs is spotting and breakthrough bleeding during the cycle. 30-50% of women given OCs stop taking them within a year. OC side effects include nausea, fluid retention, breast tenderness, leukorrhea, hypomenorrhea, headaches, spotting around the face, hypertension, and visual changes. 1 of the risks of birth control pills may be cervical dysplasia -- changes in the cells of the cervix. The relative risk of cervical cancer with OCs after 5-9 years is approximately 1.8. Clinical cases of deep vein thrombosis number 1/1000 per year among nonusers of OCs. Among users, the rate is 3 times as high: 3/1000. The most serious potential adverse effect is myocardial infarction. Of the excess deaths attributed to OCs (23.3 total per 100,000 users), 22.7 are due to myocardial infarctions and hemorrhage. The discussion also briefly reviews other methods of contraception -- Depo-Provera, male contraceptives, implants, the diapragm, and IUDs.
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PMID:Prescription contraceptives: countering the risks. 405 Jun 70

150 women participated in a double-blind clinical trial comparing 2 dosages of an oral contraceptive agent: 250 mcg d-norgestrel + 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg d-norgestrel + 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol. The 150/30 combination resulted in shorter cycles, longer menses (p.001), shorter latent period (p.001), and a higher instance of breakthrough bleeding and spotting (p.05 and p.001). The 250/50 dose caused a significantly higher incidence of breast discomfort (p.001), leg cramps (.02), and nausea (.001). More 250/50 dose women dropped out for more than 1 reason than in the lower dose group.
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PMID:A double-blind comparison of two oral contraceptives containing 50 mu g. and 30 mu g. ethinyl estradiol. 420 42


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