Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is a new antiepileptic drug derived from carbamazepine (CBZ). OXC has shown efficacy in partial and secondarily generalized seizures in children and adults. It is not indicated in myoclonic epilepsies or absences. OXC has a high bioavailability and is 40% protein-bound. Its metabolism is different from that of CBZ. There is no epoxy derivative, but a monohidroxy derivative (MHD) that is responsible from its clinical efficacy. In several clinical trials OXC has demonstrated efficacy in partial seizures both as add-on and in monotherapy. In these trials, OXC has been found to be as efficacious as CBZ, valproic acid or phenytoin, but with fewer adverse events and better tolerability. The most frequent adverse events of OXC are sedation, somnolence, headache, dizziness, and nausea. Most frequently, adverse events are transient and are minimized with dose reduction. OXC has not been associated with severe hematological, renal, or hepatic adverse events. Aymptomatic hyponatremia has been observed in patients undergoing treatment with OXC, most frequently in patients with diseases or medications predisposing to hyponatremia.
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PMID:[Oxcarbazepine]. 1173 14

Relatively few well-designed studies have demonstrated the long-term safety and tolerability of newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in a large group of children. Extensive clinical data from the worldwide Clinical Development Program (CDP) and a compassionate use program on the safety and tolerability of oxcarbazepine in children are presented. Oxcarbazepine is a newer AED that is indicated for use as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in children (United States 4 years of age, Europe 6 years of age) with partial epilepsy. The most common adverse events (10%) in the CDP were headache (32.5%), somnolence (31.5%), vomiting (27.6%), and dizziness (23.1%), whereas in the compassionate use program (clinical practice situation), the most common adverse events (1%) reported were rash (2.7%), fatigue (1.6%), nausea (1.2%), and somnolence (1.2%). These data indicate that oxcarbazepine has a good long-term safety and tolerability profile, whether given as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, in children with partial seizures.
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PMID:Long-term safety and tolerability of oxcarbazepine in children: a review of clinical experience. 1617 88

A 70-year-old patient treated with oxcarbazepine experienced severe hyponatremia. The patient used oxcarbazepine (600 mg twice a day) concomitantly with diuretics (torasemide 10 mg and indapamide 1.25 mg once per day), perindopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and amlodipine, a Ca(2+) channel blocker. The patient complained of a nausea, malaise, diplopia, drowsiness, apathy, decreased diuresis (creatinine clearance - 41.51 ml/min), and exacerbation of epileptic seizures. Sodium concentration in the plasma was 113 mmol/l. The patient was hospitalized. It was suggested that a decrease in plasma sodium concentration was caused by oxcarbazepine used together with diuretics for six months. Oxcarbazepine-induced hyponatremia is reported in 22.2-50% of patients, although symptoms are present only in 5.9% of patients. The most common symptoms of central nervous system injury, experienced by patients, are drowsiness, dizziness, decreased cognitive function, coordination impairment, etc. Physicians not always in time pay proper attention to undesirable antiepileptic drug-induced effects, which can be dangerous.
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PMID:[A case of severe hyponatremia in a patient suffering from epilepsy and using oxcarbazepine]. 1696 31

Oxcarbazepine is an antiepileptic drug that has been approved by the US FDA and is indicated for use as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures in adults and children aged over 4 years. The aim of this report is to investigate the results of clinical trials in order to ascertain the efficacy and safety of oxcarbazepine for use in bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder. Oxcarbazepine is a keto-congener of carbamazepine with fewer side effects and drug interactions. Orally administrated oxcarbazepine is rapidly and completely absorbed and has a half-life of 9 h. Currently, there is a lack of controlled clinical trials studying the use of oxcarbazepine. In light of controlled and open-label prospective studies, it may be useful for manic symptoms in the treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Case reports, retrospective and prospective studies suggest that oxcarbazepine might have prophylactic efficacy and long-term benefit for these patients. In addition, owing to its lower propensity for drug interactions and side effects, it may be useful in the treatment of refractory patients with bipolar and schizoaffective disorder. However, most of the trials have relevant methodological shortcomings. The side-effect profile of oxcarbazepine is similar to carbamazepine, but the severity of these effects appears to be slightly less. The symptoms that are most frequently associated with the use of oxcarbazepine are asthenia, headache, dizziness, somnolence, nausea, diplopia and skin rash. Isolated cases of hyponatremic coma have been reported, thus electrolyte abnormalities should be closely monitored. Oxcarbazepine is now a generic drug, but the metabolite licarbazepine and other related compounds, such as eslicarbazepine, are currently being studied under controlled conditions and might become useful therapies for bipolar and schizoaffective disorder in the future.
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PMID:Oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. 1756 45

Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is an anitepileptic medication recently approved as monotherapy for partial onset seizure and demonstrated to be useful in the treatment of several neuropathic pain. We performed an open-label pilot study of OXC (dosage 600-1200 mg/day) in 12 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients suffering painful paroxysmal symptoms. Eight subjects were female and 4 male, with a mean age of 43.6 years, mean disease duration of 7.3 years and mean score at the EDSS of 3.2. Ten patients had a relapsing-remitting disease course, 1 had secondary progressive and 1 had primary progressive course. Painful paroxysmal symptoms (PPS) were defined as transient painful symptoms in any area of the body, with abrupt onset, brief duration, from a few seconds to a few minutes, with repetitive and stereotyped features. The subjective level of the PPS was scored using a three-point scale (0-3). The mean dosage of OXC was 1033 mg daily. Nine patients experienced a complete and sustained recovery within 1 month from treatment initiation (T0 vs. T1, p>0.05). Two patients dropped out of the study due to adverse effects: 1 case of nausea and dizziness, 1 case of C. hyponatraemia. The medication was well tolerated in the majority of the subjects. The study results provide a new possibility for treating painful symptoms in MS, but efficacy on PPS must be confirmed in a larger study.
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PMID:Oxcarbazepine for treating paroxysmal painful symptoms in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. 1760 70

Oxcarbazepine is a new antiepileptic drug. The results of clinical trials suggest that oxcarbazepine is well tolerated and has less drug interactions. It is being used more and more widely in clinical practice, but its adverse effects should not be ignored. The most common adverse effects of oxcarbazepine are usually related to the central nervous system and digestive system, including fatigue, drowsiness, diplopia, dizziness, nausea and vomit. The common skin adverse reaction is rash. Long-term use of oxcarbazepine may also cause hyponatremia. This article reviews the literature from China and overseas about the adverse effets of oxcarbazepine over the last 10 years in order to find information about rational clinical use of oxcarbazepine.
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PMID:[Adverse effects of oxcarbazepine]. 2591 67