Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Circulatory failure after cardiac surgery often calls for active hemodynamic management with fluids, inotropes, and vasodilators. Dopexamine hydrochloride is a new combined beta 2-adrenergic and DA1-dopaminergic receptor agonist and an inhibitor of the uptake-1 mechanism of endogenous catecholamines. As a result, it exerts inotropic and vasodilator effects on the heart and systemic vasculature. The effects were examined over a mean of 22 hours, using 1 to 4 micrograms/kg/min of dopexamine to treat low cardiac output states following coronary bypass and valvular/ventricular repair surgery. In 8 out of 14 patients, low cardiac output was readily reversed by 1 microgram/kg/min of dopexamine. Six patients required higher doses (2 to 4 micrograms/kg/min) to achieve a satisfactory cardiac index. Significant changes from control values were observed throughout the infusion for heart rate (67 to 102 beats/min), cardiac index (2.0 to 3.4 L/min/m2), and systemic vascular resistance (1,545 to 914 dyne.s.cm-5). Pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and right atrial pressure were also significantly reduced during the infusion. Most of these changes reversed when dopexamine was discontinued, suggesting a drug-specific effect and a lack of tolerance. Nausea was a frequent complaint, but was no more frequent than in a random sample of similar patients. Titration of dopexamine, 1 to 4 micrograms/kg/min, was efficacious in producing circulatory improvement in patients with a low cardiac output after cardiac surgery.
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PMID:Prolonged infusion of varied doses of dopexamine hydrochloride for low cardiac output after cardiac surgery. 135 47

Relatively selective dopamine receptor agonists, like bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide and N,N-di-n-propyl-dopamine, lower arterial pressure in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats and in several anesthetized animal preparations. This effect has been attributed to stimulation of dopamine receptors since it can be specifically antagonized by several dopamine receptor blocking agents (domperidone, haloperidol, pimozide, sulpiride). The two main mechanisms which can theoretically intervene in the antihypertensive effects of dopamine agonists are direct smooth muscle relaxation mediated by stimulation of post junctional DA1-dopamine receptors and the reduction of the neural release of norepinephrine resulting from activation of of DA2-dopamine receptors on ganglionic bodies or sympathetic nerve terminals. Other accessory mechanisms of undoubted interest might be a natriuretic effect or a decrease of aldosterone release. On the basis of the presently available pharmacological results in experimental animals, it is not unreasonable to advance the hypothesis that agonists of DA1- and DA2-dopamine receptors produce cardiovascular changes most compatible with an antihypertensive activity being due to a fall in peripheral resistance. However, before any of these compounds can become of therapeutic interest further research in this field is necessary to explore whether it is possible to minimize or even entirely avoid certain unwanted effects (vomiting, nausea, endocrinological alterations) that appear to be intimately associated particularly with those agents stimulating the DA2-dopamine receptors subtype. A more thorough pharmacological characterization of human dopamine receptors would be useful to provide an insight into whether novel chemical approaches can solve some of these problems. Finally, the ideal profits of future dopamine receptor agonists aimed at the treatment of elevated arterial pressure is discussed.
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PMID:Peripheral dopamine receptors, potential targets for a new class of antihypertensive agents. Part II: Sites and mechanisms of action of dopamine receptor agonists. 675 18

The Behavioral Satiety Sequence (BSS) is the name given to the orderly transitions of eating, activity grooming and resting measured during the postingestive period. Because the BSS is considered to reflect the operations of natural physiological processes underlying satiety, the sequence can be used to discriminate between different drugs (and other manipulations) that reduce food intake via these natural physiological mechanisms or those that do so by interference. The BSS is only produced by the presence of a caloric load in the gut, and the preabsorptive satiety factors (such as CCK) the caloric load triggers. The BSS is most accurately defined by continuous observation rather than time or event sampling techniques [Partial Time Sampling (PTS) or Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)]. Continuous observation also allows the true duration and true frequency of each behavior to be analyzed. Continuous observation can be used to determine if the profiles associated with the reduction in food intake is caused by nausea, sedation, hyperactivity, or altered palatability of food. At the present time is it possible to identify a number of drugs whose suppression of food intake is associated with the disruption or preservation of the BSS. Drugs that increase synaptic 5-HT activity such d-fenfluramine, fluoxetine. and sibutramine all preserve the BSS and advance the onset of resting. The 5-HT1b/2c agonists mCPP and TFMPP and the 5-HT1b agonist CP-94,253 produce similar effects. However, the 5-HT2 agonist DOI and the 5-HT1a/1b agonist RU-24969 disrupt the BSS by inducing hyperactivity as does amphetamine. The 5-HT2 agonist MK-212 disrupts the BSS by inducing sedation. Selective dopamine agonists, at low doses, such as SKF-38393 (DA1) and LY-171555 (DA2) also preserve the BSS. However, detailed behavioral analysis of the effects of many recently discovered putative satiety factors remains to be carried out.
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PMID:Behavioral satiety sequence (BSS) for the diagnosis of drug action on food intake. 973 31