Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four adults, including a pregnant woman, and three children were admitted to hospital following accidental exposure to mercury vapour produced by heating mercury-gold amalgam. Initial symptoms and signs included a paroxysmal cough, dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, nausea, vomiting, fever and leukocytosis. Pulmonary function testing performed on the second day after exposure revealed air-flow obstruction and minor restrictive defects in three patients. The diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was reduced in two of these patients. The mean initial blood mercury level (+/- one standard deviation) for the seven patients was 30.8 +/- 1.5 micrograms/dl. A computer analysis showed mercury to behave as a two-compartment system, the compartments having half-lives of 2 and 8 days. The four adults received chelation therapy with D-penicillamine, which did not affect the urinary excretion of mercury. The pregnant woman's infant, born 26 days after exposure, had no detectable clinical abnormalities. The levels of mercury in the blood of the mother and infant at birth and 6 days later were comparable, indicating free transfer of the metal across the placenta.
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PMID:Accidental inhalation of mercury vapour: respiratory and toxicologic consequences. 688 61

Self-reports of smoking status and breath tests for carbon monoxide were collected in prenatal outpatients. The breath test for carbon monoxide appeared to be a valid and specific measure of smoking status during pregnancy. Of the 179 patients surveyed, 99 reported they had smoked during the present pregnancy. Nineteen of the smokers reported they had quit during the present pregnancy and 46 reported that they smoked fewer cigarettes than at the beginning of their pregnancy. Most of the quitters and reducers stated that they had stopped or reduced their intake early in pregnancy and for pregnancy-related reasons; however, neither parity, nausea or vomiting, marital status, nor requests of physicians or family were associated with higher rates of smoking cessation or reduction. Most of the pregnant smokers were interested in stopping smoking, but few attended a free treatment program.
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PMID:Smoking and carbon monoxide levels during pregnancy. 698 15

On 9 August 1979, 62 (30.8%) of 201 workers and one of 60 management personnel in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fabricating plant developed acute upper and lower respiratory irritation, headache, nausea, and fainting. All were taken to hospital; none died. Sixty of the patients were women. Interviews two weeks later with 57 affected and 14 unaffected workers disclosed that illness had followed exposure to fumes from an overheated (362 degrees C) PVC extruding machine. Fumes were emitted from 1100 until 1150; cases occurred from 1100 until late afternoon. All workers who became ill worked west of the overheated extruder, and the affected manager had visited that area. The earliest cases occurred closest to the machine, and incidence decreased (from 53.3% to 15.4%) with distance westward. This pattern was consistent with plant ventilation. Incidence rates in men and women did not differ (p greater than 0.1). At two and 14 weeks, pulmonary function testing of workers with persistent pulmonary symptoms showed abnormalities in 13 of 16 and in 9 of 11 respectively; the group with persistent symptoms contained an excess of non-smokers and of those with previous respiratory illnesses. One kilogram of PVC heated to 300 degrees C releases an estimated 12.9 g of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 4.9 g of carbon monoxide (CO). We attributed the outbreak to exposure to toxic HCl and CO and rejected the hypothesis of mass psychogenic illness.
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PMID:Respiratory illness caused by overheating of polyvinyl chloride. 709 50

Low formaldehyd-concentrations were measured in three Cologne schools (mean 1 = 0,4425; mean 2 = 0,5725; mean 3 = 0,1292 ppm). As the main sources of emission were identified formaldehyd-urea-bound chip-plates in acoustic-ceilings and wainscots. To study the connection between the complaints of pupils and CH20-emissions 1594 pupils of these schools were questioned using a specially elaborated questionnaire. The questions concerned multiple complaints and disturbances of health as well as their anamnesis in chronological relationship with school attendance. Compared to controls consisting of 497 pupils of a school, where no CH2O-emitting chip-plates were used, the inquiry showed a significant increase (p less than 0,00005) of so-called functional disturbances (headache, disorder of concentrating ability, dizziness, nausea), affections of the respiratory tract (irritation of the mucosa of the nose and the pharynx, dry cough) and irritation of the conjunctiva. In regard to the anamneses, the difference between the investigation-group and the control-group was even more significant and additional complaints such as somnipathy, abdominal pain, skin disease were observed frequently. Comparing the normal distribution of so-called functional disturbances in pupils found in literature, the examined group of this study showed an even higher rate of the relative accumulation. The repeated investigation in one school (n = 328) 8 months after removal of the emission-sources demonstrated a very clear reduction of complaints by an average of 71,2 per cent.
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PMID:[Damages to health in schools. Complaints caused by the use of formaldehyde-emitting materials in school buildings]. 737 30

Despite standardization, marked interindividual variation in the severity of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction (DAR) has been observed. We studied the DAR in 51 consecutive alcoholics with (n = 16) and without (n = 35) significant alcoholic liver disease. Clinical signs of the DAR were much weaker in the patients with compared with those patients without liver disease. Because acetaldehyde is thought to be the main cause of the DAR, we studied ethanol and acetaldehyde kinetics in 13 patients (6 females, 7 males) with alcoholic liver disease (documented by biopsy, clinical and/or radiological findings, and by quantitative liver function) [galactose elimination capacity (GEC) 4.2 +/- SD 1.0 mg/min/kg; aminopyrine breath test (ABT) 0.14 +/- 0.10% dose x kg/mmol CO2] and 13 age- and sex-matched controls (alcoholics without significant liver disease, GEC 7.1 +/- 0.7; ABT 0.81 +/- 0.35). Clinical signs of acetaldehyde toxicity during the DAR (flush, nausea, tachycardia, and blood pressure drop) were absent in alcoholic liver disease, but clearly evident in controls. Blood ethanol kinetics were similar in both groups, Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) being 6.27 +/- 1.82 and 368.9 +/- 72.9 mmol x min/liter in alcoholic liver disease, and 6.62 +/- 1.71 and 377.6 +/- 124.5 in controls, respectively. In contrast, there was a strong (p < 0.001) difference in Cmax and AUC of acetaldehyde, respective values being 33.46 +/- 21.52 and 1463.8 +/- 762.5 mumol x min/liter in alcoholic liver disease, and 110.87 +/- 56.00 and 4162.0 +/- 2424.6 in controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Divergence of ethanol and acetaldehyde kinetics and of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction between subjects with and without alcoholic liver disease. 762 69

Sevoflurane, a new volatile anesthetic agent, is of great potential interest in pediatric anesthesia. Its use for ENT surgery in children was compared with halothane in this study. Altogether 40 children participated in the investigation. In 18 (median age 4.2 years), halothane was used. The remainder (median age 4.0 years) were anesthetized with sevoflurane. After rectal premedication with midazolam and atropine, anesthesia was induced by mask (the agent in O2/N2O, 40/60) using a Mapleson D system. The trachea was intubated without the use of muscle relaxants and the children were then allowed to breathe spontaneously at fresh gas flows set high enough to avoid rebreathing. Hemoglobine oxygen saturation (SpO2), inspired and expired gas concentrations, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), ECG and blood pressure were followed. Equianesthetic concentrations of the agents were used and induction characteristics were comparable between the two agents. RR and end-tidal CO2 tensions were similar in the two groups. HR and systolic blood pressures were, however, higher with sevoflurane. Cardiac arrhythmias were seen more frequently with halothane (61%) than with sevoflurane (5%). During emergence, postoperative nausea/vomiting was more frequent after halothane anesthesia. Initially, postoperative excitement occurred more often after sevoflurane, when paracetamol was given during anesthesia, which was reduced (P < 0.01) when paracetamol was given at the time for premedication. It is concluded that sevoflurane is an excellent induction agent, and maintains heart rate and systolic blood pressure better than when halothane is used. The incidence of cardiac arrhythmia is lower with sevoflurane than with halothane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Sevoflurane for ENT-surgery in children. A comparison with halothane. 767 95

Carbon monoxide poisoning usually results from inhalation of exhaust fumes from motor vehicles, smoke from fires or fumes from faulty heating systems. Carbon monoxide has a high affinity for hemoglobin, with which it forms carboxyhemoglobin. The resulting decrease in both oxygen-carrying capacity and oxygen release can lead to end-organ hypoxia. The clinical presentation is nonspecific. Headache, dizziness, fatigue and nausea are common in mild to moderate carbon monoxide poisoning. In more severe cases, tachycardia, tachypnea and central nervous system depression occur. When carbon monoxide intoxication is suspected, empiric treatment with 100 percent oxygen should be initiated immediately. The diagnosis is confirmed by documenting an elevated carboxyhemoglobin level. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is recommended in patients with neurologic dysfunction, cardiac dysfunction or a history of unconsciousness.
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PMID:Carbon monoxide intoxication. 769 50

A large part of the general population is potentially exposed to excessive concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), both in the domestic and work environment. Beside acute, often fatal poisoning, the possibility of occult intoxication should be considered; this condition can affect people who are often unaware of the existence of a toxic exposure in their homes or work places. We describe two non-smoking patients, husband and wife, 53 and 57 years old, respectively, who suffered cephalea, nausea and neurobehavioural disturbances during a period of approximately one year; these symptoms were reported to improve or disappear on several occasions during the patients' absence from home. Careful anamnesis suggested a protracted exposure to nonlethal concentrations of CO contaminating the patients' bed-chamber from the misfunctioning flue of the heating system. It was not possible to measure carboxyhaemoglobinemia until approximately 24 hours since the last presumptive exposure. The levels found were therefore relatively low (4-5%), yet higher than the reference values for normal non-smoking subjects. Carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations almost returned into the normal range during the period of hospitalization. These two cases exemplify how low level CO exposure may cause aspecific pathological manifestations that are often misdiagnosed or overlooked.
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PMID:[Indoor pollution: a report of 2 clinical cases of occult carbon monoxide poisoning]. 772 Sep 67

Medical directors of North American hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) facilities were surveyed to assess selection criteria applied for treatment of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning within the hyperbaric medicine community. Responses were received from 85% of the 208 facilities in the United States and Canada. Among responders, 89 monoplace and 58 multiplace chamber facilities treat acute CO poisoning, managing a total of 2,636 patients in 1992. A significant majority of facilities treat CO-exposed patients with coma (98%), transient loss of consciousness (LOC) (77%), ischemic changes on electrocardiogram (91%), focal neurologic deficits (94%), or abnormal psychometric testing (91%), regardless of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level. Although 92% would use HBO for a patient presenting with headache, nausea, and COHb 40%, only 62% of facilities utilize a specified minimum COHb level as the sole criterion for HBO therapy of an asymptomatic patient. When COHb is used as an independent criterion to determine HBO treatment, the level utilized varies widely between institutions. Half of responding facilities place limits on the delay to treatment for patients with only transient LOC. Time limits are applied less often in cases with persistent neurologic deficits. While variability exists, majority opinions can be derived for many patient selection criteria regarding the use of HBO in acute CO poisoning.
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PMID:Selection criteria utilized for hyperbaric oxygen treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. 777 95

The main clinical features, pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of drug-induced parkinsonism are reviewed. The clinical manifestations of drug-induced parkinsonism are often indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson's disease. However, some subtle differences may exist: for example drug-induced parkinsonism is often associated with tardive dyskinesias, bilateral symptoms and the absence of resting tremor, etc. Besides toxins (eg manganese, carbon monoxide or MPTP), many drugs are known to produce parkinsonism: dopamine blocking drugs (true neuroleptics used as antipsychotics: phenothiazines, butyrophenones, thioxanthenes but also sulpiride, "hidden" neuroleptics prescribed as anti-nausea or anti-vomiting drugs (such as metoclopramide and other benzamide derivatives), dopamine depleting drugs (reserpine, tetrabenazine), alpha-methyldopa, calcium channel blockers (flunarizine, cinnarizine, etc). The putative role of other drugs (eg fluoxetine, lithium, amiodarone) as well as the therapeutic management of this side effect are reviewed.
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PMID:Drug-induced parkinsonism: a review. 785 36


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