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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An open-label, dose-response study of cefpodoxime proxetil (CPD), an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, was conducted with 58 males with uncomplicated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections with single doses of 600, 400, 200, 100, or 50 mg of CPD administered orally by tablet. CPD eradicated N. gonorrhoeae in all 50 evaluable patients (10 per group) at all doses studied. Eight of the isolates eradicated were beta-lactamase-producing organisms. Two patients reported three side effects, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which were mild and resolved without intervention or sequelae. There were no clinically remarkable drug-related changes in vital signs or clinical laboratory assays. Results show that single oral doses of CPD are an effective and well-tolerated treatment for uncomplicated N. gonorrhoeae infection in males at doses as low as 50 mg.
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PMID:Orally administered cefpodoxime proxetil for treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in males: a dose-response study. 141 61

The use of cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor AF) in the treatment of pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms was investigated in a multi-center trial conducted in the United Kingdom and the United States. A total of 266 patients were enrolled in this double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, parallel study; 132 patients were treated with cefaclor AF and 134 patients received the reference drug cefaclor. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia, with a positive sputum culture and an infiltrate on chest roentgenogram. Patients received either cefaclor AF (750 mg twice daily) or cefaclor (500 mg three times daily) for 10 to 14 days. Forty patients in the cefaclor AF group and 45 in the cefaclor group were evaluable for efficacy, with 37 (92.5%) and 43 (95.6%), respectively, showing a favorable posttherapy clinical response. Proven or presumed pathogen elimination was achieved in 87.5% and 86.7% of cases, respectively. Both study drugs demonstrated high levels of activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), and Moraxella catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains). There were no statistically significant differences between drugs in efficacy results. One or more side effects were reported by 42.4% of the patients treated with cefaclor AF and by 44.0% of those treated with cefaclor; diarrhea, nausea, headache, and respiratory disorders were the most common adverse events. No drug-related side effects were seen with a frequency or severity that would be unexpected with the use of oral cephalosporins. Cefaclor AF and cefaclor performed equally well with respect to clinical and bacteriologic response rates in the treatment of pneumonia.
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PMID:Cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of pneumonia. 152 91

Loracarbef (LY163892), a member of the class of beta-lactam antibiotics known as carbacephems, is characterized by a high level of chemical stability and a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity that persists in the presence of beta-lactamase. The efficacy and safety of loracarbef, 200 mg (twice daily), and cefaclor, 250 mg (three times daily) (one patient received 178 mg of cefaclor suspension, three times daily), were compared in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial conducted in adults with skin and skin-structure infections due predominantly to Staphylococcus aureus. Examination within 72 hours after the completion of therapy indicated a favorable clinical response in 84 (93.3%) of the 90 loracarbef-treated patients evaluable for efficacy and in 79 (95.2%) of the 83 evaluable patients treated with cefaclor. Pathogens were eradicated in 83 (92.2%) of the patients in the loracarbef group and 74 (89.2%) of those in the cefaclor group. Only four adverse events--headache/migraine, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea--occurred in greater than 2% of the total study population. The overall incidence of adverse events in the 201 loracarbef-treated and 192 cefaclor-treated patients evaluated for safety was 19.9% and 24.5%, respectively. Adverse events that required hospitalization or discontinuation of treatment occurred in four patients in the cefaclor group but in none of those treated with loracarbef. There were no statistically significant differences in the clinical or bacteriologic response or the incidence of side effects between the two treatment groups. These findings indicate that loracarbef given twice daily is comparable in safety and efficacy to cefaclor given three times daily in the treatment of adults with skin and skin-structure infections.
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PMID:Loracarbef (LY163892) versus cefaclor in the treatment of bacterial skin and skin-structure infections in an adult population. 162 51

In an open study, 70 in-patients and 23 out-patients aged between 1 and 14 years with sinusitis (n = 1), perforated otitis media (n = 4), pharyngotonsillitis (n = 25), tracheobronchitis (n = 30) or broncho-pneumonia (n = 33) were treated daily with a combination of 40 mg/kg amoxycillin and 10 mg/kg clavulanic acid in three equal doses for between 6 and 15 days. Purulent specimens were cultured when obtainable and pathogenic organisms identified were Staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococcal group A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudococcus species and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, of which 45.7% were beta-lactamase-producing and 54.3% were ampicillin-susceptible. After treatment, only one beta-lactamase-producing Streptococcus and one Staphylococcus infection persisted. Side-effects (vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, maculopapular exanthema, rash) occurred in 16 patients and treatment was withdrawn in eight. It is concluded that the amoxycillin--clavulanic acid combination is a suitable first choice for the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children in whom the pathogenic organism may not have been established.
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PMID:Treatment of respiratory tract infections in children: a study of a combination of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid. 222 80

Cefixime is a new orally active cephalosporin. Its MICs and beta-lactamase stability are similar to those of the parenteral third generation cephalosporins. This trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness and safety of ceftriaxone as compared with a treatment where oral cefixime was given after a 4-day treatment with ceftriaxone in severe upper urinary tract infections usually requiring parenteral treatment during two weeks. In an open, controlled trial, 95 patients met the inclusion criteria; 48 received IV ceftriaxone 2 g daily during 4 days, followed by IM or IV ceftriaxone 1 g daily for 11 days; 47 patients were treated by IV ceftriaxone 2 g.o.d. during 4 days and then by oral cefixime 200 mg b.i.d. for 11 days. Clinical cure at the end of treatment was achieved in 44 patients in the cefixime group and 47 patients of the ceftriaxone group. Ten to 84 days after the end of treatment, the overall clinical cure and bacteriologic eradication rates for these patients were 74.3 per cent (29/39) for cefixime and 81 per cent (34/42) for ceftriaxone. Treatment failure occurred in two patients in the cefixime arm, one in a patient with renal atrophy and vascular stenosis and the other in an 86-year old diabetic and bed-ridden woman with an infection following the use of a urinary catheter. There were eight relapses or re-infections (about 20 per cent) in each group. Seven minor adverse events were seen in six patients treated with ceftriaxone: pain upon IM injection (3 cases), diarrhea (2 cases) associated in one case with a generalized rash for which treatment was discontinued, and nausea (one case). Laboratory changes in both groups were not noteworthy and without clinical relevance. These results suggest that it seems possible to propose new parenteral cephalosporins with conversion to the oral route on the 5th day using the same class of drugs in the treatment of severe upper urinary tract infections, excluding certain urological or vascular underlying conditions and provided that duration of treatment is adapted to the type of clinical setting. These data define more accurately the use of cefixime with respect to currently available drugs.
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PMID:[Comparative study of intravenous ceftriaxone followed by oral cefixime versus ceftriaxone alone in the treatment of severe upper urinary tract infections]. 253 May 46

Norfloxacin, a new oral quinolone, was compared with intramuscular spectinomycin for treating culture proved gonorrhoea (caused by penicillinase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and non-PPNG strains. A total of 547 infected men and women were randomly allocated to treatment with either single dose norfloxacin (800 mg by mouth) or spectinomycin (2 g intramuscularly). Patient preference for tablets or injections was noted at this visit. Patients returned four to eight days later for assessment of efficacy, safety, and preference. Of the 482 patients who attended follow up, all those treated with norfloxacin (94 infected with PPNG strains, 145 with non-PPNG strains) and all 82 infected with PPNG strains and treated with spectinomycin were cured. Of 161 infected with non-PPNG strains and treated with spectinomycin, 159 (99%) were cured. Side effects (headache, nausea, and sleepiness) occurred in three patients receiving norfloxacin and in 17 (16 pain at injection site, 1 giddiness) receiving spectinomycin. Most patients preferred tablets to injection both on day 1 (313 v 200) and at follow up (373 v 104). This study showed that norfloxacin was a highly effective alternative to spectinomycin, produced fewer side effects, and was the preferred mode of administration.
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PMID:Single dose oral norfloxacin or intramuscular spectinomycin to treat gonorrhoea (PPNG and non-PPNG infections): analysis of efficacy and patient preference. 297 3

Clinical studies were conducted on BRL 28500 (a formulation containing 15 parts ticarcillin plus 1 part clavulanic acid). BRL 28500 was administered at doses of 1.6 g or 3.2 g b.i.d., generally for 10 days by drip infusion to patients with pelvioperitonitis or Douglas' abscess. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 18 patients (pelvioperitonitis 14, Douglas' abscess 4), but 8 patients out of a total of 26 patients were excluded. 2. In the evaluation of clinical improvement by doctors in charge, clinical improvement rates were 44.4% on day 3, 88.2% on day 5. 3. On the basis of committee judgement, the clinical efficacy rate was 100%. 4. The bacteriological eradication rate of causative organisms was 100% in 11 patients (15 strains). Five strains out of a total of 15 strains produced beta-lactamase. 5. As a side effect, nausea was observed in 1 case. In laboratory examination, liver function abnormalities were observed in 1 case. 6. Regarding usefulness as judged by doctors in charge, the satisfactory rate was 83.3%. From the above results, it has been concluded that BRL 28500 is very useful in the treatment of pelvioperitonitis and Douglas' abscess.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of BRL 28500 (clavulanic acid/ticarcillin) in the treatment of pelvioperitonitis and Douglas' abscess]. 349 26

This review covers 2346 norfloxacin treated patients in clinical trials world wide. These studies show that 400 mg of norfloxacin b.i.d. was effective and compared favorably with other standard oral agents in the treatment of urinary tract infections, including complicated and recurrent infections in men. This regimen given b.i.d. or t.i.d. was also effective in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis due to common gastrointestinal pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. as well as less common organisms. A single 800 mg dose was effective in the treatment of gonorrhoea including patients with extra genito-urinary involvement and penicillinase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Preliminary data from ongoing trials have also shown that norfloxacin is effective in the prophylaxis of traveller's diarrhoea and infections in the granulocytopenic patient. These various regimens of norfloxacin were well tolerated with a low incidence (less than 3%) of drug related adverse experiences. The most common adverse experiences were nausea, headache, dizziness, rash, elevation of liver enzymes and eosinophilia.
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PMID:World-wide clinical experience with norfloxacin: efficacy and safety. 353 57

Twenty-one adult patients hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections due to Branhamella catarrhalis or Haemophilus influenzae or both were treated with the combination of oral amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate (Augmentin) in an open, noncomparative clinical trial. Diseases included pneumonia, empyema, and exacerbations of bronchiectasis and chronic lung disease. Thirteen of 16 B. catarrhalis and six of nine H. influenzae isolates were beta-lactamase positive. The patients with B. catarrhalis were treated for a mean of 5.3 days, and those with H. influenzae were treated for a mean of 7.0 days. The overall response to therapy was excellent, with 18 of 19 beta-lactamase-producing strains eradicated on therapy. One patient secondarily infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was a clinical failure, and two patients with H. influenzae who became culture positive again after therapy were considered microbiologic failures. Gastrointestinal side effects (especially nausea) were common, although all patients completed a course of therapy. Sputum levels of amoxicillin were surprisingly low (less than 0.05 to 0.54 micrograms/ml), a finding which may explain the high relapse rate (22%) seen with H. influenzae, as these are below the usual MICs of amoxicillin for this organism. The combination of amoxicillin plus potassium clavulanate appears to be an excellent drug for treatment of beta-lactamase-producing strains of these two species, although mild gastrointestinal side effects are common.
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PMID:Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections caused by beta-lactamase-positive Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis. 387 10

A comparative trial of phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), phenethicillin (Broxil), and lincomycin (Lincocin) against superficial staphylococcal infections seen in a casualty department showed no difference in the efficacy of the three agents, though half the staphylococci isolated were resistant to penicillin. Possible reasons include the fact that antibiotic treatment may not affect superficial staphylococcal infections, or that the organisms concerned may have been weak formers of penicillinase.Half the patients treated with lincomycin complained of diarrhoea and 5% of those treated with phenethicillin suffered from nausea.
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PMID:Trial of phenoxymethylpenicillin, phenethicillin, and lincomycin in treatment of staphylococcal sepsis in a casualty department. 496 91


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