Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee met February 27 to March 1, 1996. At the meeting, the FDA granted full approval of ritonavir for the treatment of advanced AIDS. Ritonavir manufacturer, Abbott Laboratories, characterized the drug as generally well-tolerated, with the most common side effects being nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The committee also recommended accelerated approval of Merck's protease inhibitor, indinavir. Results of several clinical studies and protocols are presented. The committee voted against somatropin (Serostim), the recombinant human growth hormone, for treatment of AIDS-related wasting syndrome. They cited too many gaps in the research data. The manufacturer, Serono, is currently negotiating with the FDA on the best way to pursue approval. The committee also unanimously recommended that ddI (Videx) be indicated as a first-line treatment for HIV. The drug appears to be superior to AZT in delaying disease progression and death.
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PMID:Highlights from the FDA antiviral drug advisory committee meetings, February 27-March 1, 1996. 1136 21

Glaxo-Wellcome is developing a nucleoside analogue, 1529U89. The analogue shows potent in vitro activity against HIV, and initial tests of in-vivo efficacy are encouraging. The primary side effects of 1529U89 were nausea, headache, rash, and elevated liver function tests. Since the drug penetrates the central nervous system, participants are asked to allow spinal tips to measure the concentration of the drug in spinal fluid. Trials are being developed for 1529U89's use in AIDS-related dementia, and trials are being designed to test its effectiveness in combination with AZT and 3TC.
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PMID:A surprisingly potent nucleoside analogue. 1136 84

3TC can raise T4 counts and lower HIV levels, and its use may increase the effectiveness of AZT. Studies show that HIV levels decrease by more than 90 percent in people taking the 2 drugs in combination. Side effects are manageable, and few participants drop out of the studies. Another study showed that 3TC also lowered the amount of hepatitis B virus in the blood to a level where it could not be detected. Side effects include headache, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, neuropathy, and lowered levels of both red and white blood cells. HIV cells can mutate and resist the effects of 3TC within a few weeks of beginning treatment. The manufacturer, Glaxo Wellcome, has a patient assistance program and an expanded access program for the drug.
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PMID:AZT and 3TC. 1136 95

Dosage guidelines and side effects of three currently available protease inhibitors (saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir) reveal very different patterns. Dosage regimens are as follows: saquinavir, 3 capsules every 8 hours with food; ritonavir, 6 capsules every 12 hours with food; and indinavir, 2 capsules every 8 hours on an empty stomach. Ritonavir has the severest side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, and initially, tingling feeling of the mouth, arms, or legs. The drugs work best when taken with well-studied medicines such as AZT, d4T, and ddI.
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PMID:A patient's guide to protease inhibitors. 1136 88

It is critical to take HIV medications, particularly protease inhibitors, exactly as prescribed to reduce the risks of developing resistance. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved a new drug, Combivir, a combination of 3TC (lamivudine) and AZT in one tablet. Combivir works by interfering with the HIV life cycle to prevent it from replicating, and is taken twice a day with or without food. Patients with low body mass, hepatitis, or liver or kidney disease should not take Combivir. Blood counts need to be monitored regularly when taking this drug. Potential side effects include headache, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, nasal congestion, or flu-like symptoms. A phone number is provided for more information on Combivir.
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PMID:What you need to know about Combivir. 1136 67

A Glaxo-Wellcome study of anti-HIV-drug-naive patients taking amprenavir at 1200 mg and abacavir at 300 mg twice daily reveals viral load drops to below 500 copies. Another study involving abacavir at 300 mg, amprenavir at 1200 mg, AZT at 300 mg, and 3TC at 150 mg, all taken twice daily was conducted with recently infected patients and chronically infected patients. Viral load drops and rises in CD4+ cell counts were reported in both groups after 20 weeks. A rash associated with abacavir tends to occur in about 5 percent of the patients tested. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and fever are also possible side effects.
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PMID:New drugs: amprenavir and abacavir. 1136 35

Phase III data show that efavirenz (Sustiva, formerly DMP-266) is effective in suppressing viral load when used in combination with other treatments. A head-to-head comparison trial in volunteers with little or no previous antiretroviral experience shows that efavirenz may suppress viral load as well as Indinavir (Crixivan). Efavirenz is an experimental non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and widespread consensus seems to accept it as a valid treatment for AIDS. The most noteworthy trial result showed that using it in combination with AZT plus 3TC suppressed viral load to below 400 copies in a significant number of volunteers, with few patients dropping out. Viral load remains low at 72 weeks, but not much information is available on those patients who were more heavily pre-treated. Other combinations also appear effective. DuPont Pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer, says common side effects include rash, nausea, diarrhea, headache, and insomnia, and cautions against widespread use in pregnant women. Efavirenz is unlikely to work in patients who have developed resistance to either Nevirapine or Delavirdine, two other NNRTI drugs.
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PMID:Efavirenz (Sustiva) may equal or exceed protease inhibitor in initial antiretroviral combination. 1136 99

Information on dosage, cost, side effects, and interactions is provided for each of the seven nucleoside analog drugs available currently: Retrovir (AZT, ZDV), Videx (ddI), Hivid (ddC), Zerit (d4T), Epivir (3TC), Combivir (AZT/3TC), and Ziagen (abacavir sulfate). Most nucleoside analogs (with the exception of ddI) do not have food restrictions, but do have potential side effects such as nausea and fatigue. An activist, a doctor, and the drug's manufacturer offer comments. Contact information is provided.
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PMID:What they say about nucleoside drugs. 1136 20

Treatment for people with HIV attempts to prevent HIV from reproducing, boost the immune system, or cure opportunistic infections. The chemical structure of anti-viral drugs is similar to that of DNA. Since HIV bonds with the drugs rather than DNA, it cannot replicate itself. The most widely used anti-viral drug is zidovudine or AZT (brand name, Retrovir), but it does not help HIV infected persons who are still healthy. A recent trial shows that a combination of anti-viral drugs is more likely to delay opportunistic infections and death than AZT alone. When pregnant women use AZT before and during delivery and when their newborns receive AZT therapy, the likelihood of HIV transmission to the newborn is reduced by about 66%. Follow-up studies are needed, however, since AZT is toxic. Disadvantages of anti-viral drugs include resistance, toxicity, side effects (e.g., nausea and anemia), which are particularly severe at high doses, and accessibility of regular and expensive monitoring tests. Protease inhibitors are in the early stages of development. They deactivate the HIV enzyme which allows HIV to attach to white blood cells. Imuthiol (DTC) aims to increase the number of white blood cells so the body can fight HIV longer, but it appears that it has no benefit and may even facilitate development of opportunistic infections. Interleuken 2 may increase the number of CD4 cells. Alternative approaches to strengthening the immune system are lifestyle changes, improved diet, reduced stress, Chinese medicine and acupuncture, herbal medicines, and relaxation exercises. HIV/AIDS therapies are very expensive and often induce side effects. Many HIV positive people in developed countries are opting out of these treatments, even though they have access to them. Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infection remain the best strategies for most HIV-infected persons.
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PMID:Slow progress against HIV. 1229 May 61


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