Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Forty-four patients with metastatic brain neoplasms received glycerol instead of corticosteroids during periods of brain irradiation. Headache, nausea, and vomiting were controlled in more than 90% of symptomatic patients, while paralysis, confusion, and papilledema improved in 55% to 80%. Patients with minimal or no symptoms remained stable. Patients with moderate or severe symptoms had significant improvement during the first week and substantial improvement during the second week of treatment. Glycerol did not induce immunosuppression when administered in combination with radiotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy. Patients with malignant melanoma had longer survival when treated with glycerol instead of corticosteroids.
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PMID:Glycerol: an alternative to dexamethasone for patients receiving brain irradiation for metastatic disease. 699 10

CELL INJURIES DURING FREEZING AND THAWING: The aim of various cryopreservation procedures is to minimize cell injuries during the freeze-thaw cycle (cryoinjuries). Generally, the cell damage during freezing and thawing procedures may be the results of: (a) extensive cellular dehydration (solution effect) and/or (b) intracellular ice crystallization/recrystallization (mechanical cell damage). Two independent mechanisms are involved. They can act simultaneously, leading to cytolysis. The first one is expressed primarily during low rate freezing, and the second one during rapid freezing. Thus, determination and use of the optimal cooling velocity, specific for each type of isolated cells, should be considered. Finally, a higher degree of cell destruction has been documented when the transition period from liquid to solid phase (release of the fusion heat) is prolonged. CRYOPROTECTIVE AGENTS: For successful cell cryopreservation, cryoprotectants are needed. They decrease the osmotic gradient and the vapor pressure difference between the intra- and extracellular area. Adequate choice of the most suitable type and concentration of cryoprotective agent is important for the required cell recovery after thawing. There are several well known protocols for obtaining cryopreservation of isolated cells using different cryoprotectants. Glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and propanediol sucrose are commonly used as cryoprotectants, though in different concentrations. Glycerol, a trihydric alcohol, is a clear, colorless fluid. Pharmacologically, it is relatively inert. DMSO is a colorless liquid with a sulphur-like smell and has several medical uses. It is highly polar and dissolves many water- and lipid-soluble substances. DMSO given intravenously may cause nausea, vomiting, local vasospasm and an objectionable garlic-like odor and taste. HUMAN SPERM, OVA AND EMBRYOS CRYOPRESERVATION: Despite the fact that cryopreservation procedures of spermatozoa, ova and embryos are already in routine clinical use, some questions related to the optimal cooling velocity during controlled-rate freezing and the choice of the most effective, either penetrating (glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide) and/or non-penetrating (hydroxyethyl starch) cryoprotective agent at the appropriate concentration are not resolved.
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PMID:[Current knowledge on cryopreservation of spermatozoa, ovum cells and zygotes]. 953 71

Glycerol is used as a peroral treatment of increased intraocular and intracranial pressure due to its osmotic effect despite the potential increase in blood pressure and blood glucose. We examined the effects of peroral glycerol in diabetic patients and healthy individuals on blood pressure, capillary glucose, and plasma osmolarity. On two separate days, 15 diabetic patients ingested glycerol in doses of 855 and 1710 mg/kg body weight in a randomised, unmasked sequence. Five healthy individuals ingested a dose of 1710 mg/kg body weight. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), capillary glucose (CG) and plasma osmolarity (pOSM) were monitored for 180 min. At baseline, the MAP was comparable between the groups of healthy individuals and diabetic patients (p = 0.55), CG was marginal different (p = 0.06), and pOSM values were significantly different (p = 0.007). Following glycerol ingestion, a transient, non-significant increase occurred in blood pressure. Maximal DeltaCG was approximately 1 mM irrespective of the dose and presence of diabetes (p > 0.1). The pOSM response was analysed with a kinetic model and found independent of the presence of diabetes (p = 0.6). The maximal fitted DeltapOSM was 12.7 and 25.3 mOsm/l in the group of diabetic patients after the low and high dose, respectively, reflecting a dose-response relationship. Nausea, fatigue and headache were common side effects. In conclusion, peroral glycerol had similar effects on blood glucose, MAP and pOSM in the diabetic patients and healthy individuals. Specific precautions should not be implemented when treating diabetic patients with a single dose up to 1.7 g/kg body weight. A peak increase of 8% in the pOSM within 1 hr can be expected from this dose.
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PMID:The effects of peroral glycerol on plasma osmolarity in diabetic patients and healthy individuals. 1979 1

Dehydration in athletes alters cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function and may inhibit endurance exercise capacity if fluid loss exceeds 2% of bodyweight (BW). If this level of dehydration cannot be prevented when starting from a state of euhydration, then athletes may create a state of hyperhydration by consuming extra fluid prior to exercise. From this hyperhydrated situation, individuals have a greater capacity to tolerate fluid loss before becoming dehydrated. Furthermore, excess pre-exercise fluid intake enhances thermoregulatory ability, as well as increasing plasma volume to maintain cardiac output. However, hyperhydrating before exercise is difficult, because a large fluid intake is typically accompanied by diuresis. Glycerol-containing beverages create an osmotic gradient in the circulation favouring fluid retention, thereby facilitating hyperhydration and protecting against dehydration. Many studies have shown that increases in body water by 1 L or more are achievable through glycerol hyperhydration. This article analyses the evidence for glycerol use in facilitating hyperhydration and rehydration, and provides guidelines for athletes wishing to use this compound. An analysis of the studies in this area indicates that endurance athletes intending to hyperhydrate with glycerol should ingest glycerol 1.2 g/kg BW in 26 mL/kg BW of fluid over a period of 60 minutes, 30 minutes prior to exercise. The effects of glycerol on total body water when used during rehydration are less well defined, due to the limited studies conducted. However, ingesting glycerol 0.125 g/kg BW in a volume equal to 5 mL/kg BW during exercise will delay dehydration, while adding glycerol 1.0 g/kg BW to each 1.5 L of fluid consumed following exercise will accelerate the restoration of plasma volume. Side effects from glycerol ingestion are rare, but include nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort and light-headedness. In summary, glycerol ingestion before, during or following exercise is likely to improve the hydration state of the endurance athlete.
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PMID:Guidelines for glycerol use in hyperhydration and rehydration associated with exercise. 2009 65