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Query: UMLS:C0027497 (nausea)
 23,468 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To study the safety and efficacy of a norgestrel-ethinyl estradol oral contraceptive compound, 300 Mexican women, 16-42 years of age were orally administered .5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol (Ovral) daily over a total of 3175 study cycles. Most of the women were poor., uneducated and of high parity. None of the patients in the study became pregnant, even in the cycles where 1 or more doses were omitted. The menstrual cycle remained basically unaltered with breakthrough bleeding or spotting sometimes reported, usually when doses were missed. Unexplained amenorrhea occurred in 1.2% of the cycles. Though 5% of the women were ovulatory at one time of another as determined by pregnandiol levels, no pregnancy resulted, which is probably explained by changes in the cervical mucus caused by the pills making an inhospitable environment for sperm migration. Psychosomatic-related side-effects included nausea, headache and decreased libido in less than 1% of the cycles. Chloasma aggravated by poor dietary intake occurred in .5% of the cycles. No malignant, peripheral vascular or other serious disease occurred during the treatment and no significant endometrial alterations were seen.
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PMID:Norgestrel and ethynyl estradiol: a new low-dosage oral agent for fertility control. 563 91

264 women (about 50% private patients), all less than 40 years old and none with history contraindicating oral contraception, were started on a regimen with Ovral (.5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol). Medication started on Day 5 of a menstrual cycle. Then therapy followed a 3 weeks on, 7 days off schedule. Patients continued for 1-22 cycles (mean 7 cycles) for a total of 1918 cycles. Despite the omission of 42 doses by 32 patients, no pregnancies occurred. The percentages of cycles with average flow, spotting, breakthrough bleeding, and dysmenorrhea were 74.4, 2.5, .4, and .6, respectively. The incidence of amenorrhea, .2%, was spectacularly low in comparison with findings in other studies. Papanicolaou smears (483) were all normal (Class I or II). Morphologic changes seen at endometrial biopsy (61) were similar to those produced by other available progestogen-estrogen compounds. No significant variation from control findings (1878) were found in 1463 laboratory studies. The studies included leukocyte and differential counts (724), and determinations of hemoglobin and hematocrit (388), fasting blood sugar and blood urea nitrogen (114), bilirubin and liver function (61), and renal function (176). Minor symptoms (nausea, vomiting, headache, etc.) were few and disappeared after the first few cycles. The preparation suppresses ovulation (probably through action of the estrogen), probably alters the cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration, possibly interferes with nidation, and may interfere with follicular development.
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PMID:Norgestrel, a low dose, oral progestogen for fertility contro. Supplementary report. 564 94

618 women used Ortho-Novum 2mg (2 mg norethindrone and .1mg mestranol) for 5330 cycles of treatment. There were no pregnancies. 34.8% of the patients experienced some diminution of menstrual flow volume and 20.6% experienced bleeding episodes, most commonly during the first few cycles. There was no weight change in 20%, 46.5% noted a gain of 5 to 10 pounds, weight loss occurred in 24.4%. The most common side effects were nausea (2.9%), mastalgia (1.6%), nervousness (1.3%), fatigue (1.1%), and headaches (1.1%). 10.3% of the clinic patients and 14.7% of the private patients complained of side effects. The dropout rate was 5.5%.
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PMID:Long-term study of oral contraception with norethindrone 2 mg. and mestranol 0.1 mg. 590 Oct 12

Contraceptive vaginal rings (CVRs), with approximate daily release rates of 250-290 mcg of levonorgestrel and 150-180 mcg of estradiol and manufactured in a shell design, were studied for effectiveness and acceptability in multicentered trials involving 1103 ring users in Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic, Sweden, U.S., Denmark/Finland, and Nigeria. A comparison group of 533 women used the oral contraceptive Nordette. Both 1st and all segment 1 year gross pregnancy rates among CVR users were less than 3/100, rates similar to Nordette users. Continuation at 1 year was 50/100 users of the ring (all segments) and 38/100 among Nordette users, more of whom were lost to follow-up. Gross 1 year rates of termination for medical reasons ranged from 25-29/100. Ring users were more likely to terminate for vaginal problems and pill users for headache, nausea, and associated reasons. These trials indicate that CVRs of this design are as effective and have continuation rates equal to and possibly superior to Nordette under the same study conditions.
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PMID:A multicenter study of levonorgestrel-estradiol contraceptive vaginal rings. I-Use effectiveness. An international comparative trial. 645 8

The oral contraceptive (OC) Stediril acts by inhibiting ovulation, rendering the endometrium inhospitable to implantation, and rendering the cervical mucus impermeable to sperm. The effectiveness of Stediril may be compromised by failure to follow the dosage schedule: 1 pill daily for 21 days followed by a pill-free interval of 7 days when withdrawal bleeding occurs. Stediril should be taken at a regular time each day. If pills are missed for more than 48 hours, efficacy cannot be guaranteed. If vomiting occurs within 4 hours of pill ingestion, the pill should be replaced. Certain drugs, such as Rifadine, may affect the action of Stediril. Stediril should only be prescribed after a complete medical history and examination, including responding to any questions the patient may have. At a 3-month follow-up visit the patient's tolerance to the drug should be assessed by absence of various symptoms: psychological problems such as nervousness and irritibality that resemble those of pregnancy; skin problems such as acne or changes of pigmentation; periods of nausea that diminish in frequency after a few weeks; weight gain; bleeding problems; or signs of thromboembolic risk, such as headaches, unusual visual disturbances, or hypertension, which require immediate cessation of OC use. Because Stediril constitutes a risk to the fetus in case of unplanned pregnancy, the preliminary gynecological examination is mandatory and the pill should only be prescribed to women able to comply with dosage requirements. The pill should be stopped 6 weeks-3 months before pregnancy to allow the endometrium to regenerate. The carcinogenic role of the pill is frequently discussed but not conclusively proven. Follow-up visits should occur 3 and 6 months after beginning use and every year thereafter.
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PMID:[Stediril]. 656 44

Oviol 22 was administered to 145, and Ovoresta M to 118 healthy female volunteers. During the first six cycles, 27 (18.6%) women discontinued the Oviol 22 intake, and 45 (38,1%) women discontinued the Ovoresta M intake. The other women were observed over 6 cycles. Together, 1,369 cycles were evaluated. Overall, the clinical results with Oviol 22 were more favourable than those with Ovoresta M. The discontinuation rate because of nausea, headache, acne and breast tenderness was lower in the group of women who received Oviol 22 than in the group of women receiving Ovoresta M. Cycle control was much better with Oviol 22 than with Ovoresta M. Following the administration of both preparations, no significant alteration in blood pressure, weight or mental status was seen. None of the patients became pregnant during the period of observation.
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PMID:[Comparison of a 2-phase preparation (Oviol 22) with a low-dose 1-phase preparation (Ovoresta M)]. 657 Jan 17

102 patients using Trinordiol, a triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing ethinyl estradiol and d-norgestrel, were followed for 932 cycles in a study of secondary effects. Follow-up visits were scheduled after 1,3, and 6 months and every 6 months thereafter. 26 patients discontinued use of the pills during the study after using them for a total of 159 cycles. 5 discontinued because of abdominal pain, 1 for breast tenderness, and 1 because of headaches or migraines. 7 discontinued because of metrorrhagia, 4 for weight gain, 3 for amenorrhea, 2 for nausea and vomiting, and 1 each for nervousness, water retention, acne, desire for pregnancy, leaving the country, hypertension, and unknown motivation. the average age of patients was 23.6 years, with a range from 14-48. 76% were aged 15-29 years. 52.9% were nulliparas. 58.8% were Belgian, 21.6% were from Mediterranean Europe, 10.8% were Moroccan, and 7.9% were from black Africa. Only 1 patient, a 37 year old, developed hypertension. 15 patients gained more than 2 kg and 17 lost more than 2 kg. 15.8% complained of spotting during the 1st cycle compared to 3.1% during the 6th cycle, 5.2% during cycle 7-12, and 9.1% during cycle 13-30. Among 35 patients who did not discontinue treatment, 7 complained of amenorrhea and 1 of scanty menstrual bleeding, 14 of pain including 7 cases of pelvic pain, 2 of dysmenorrhea, 3 of breast tenderness, and 2 of headaches, 15 of leukorrhea, 3 of nausea, 2 of dizziness, and 1 each of fatigue, acne, galactorrhea, and cutaneous pruritus. 1 case of myoma at the level of the uterine cornu was identified after 24 cycles of treatment. In all, 61 patients had some complaint, while 41 were totally satisfied. No patient became pregnant during the study.
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PMID:[Clinical study of the secondary effects associated with taking a triphasic anti-ovulatory contraceptive]. 670 4

Advice is provided for nurses and midwives who are asked about the safety and efficacy of the newer oral contraceptives (OCs). The trend toward ever smaller amounts of estrogen in new formulations effectively halted when the quantities of estrogen became insufficient to suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary axis or drug interactions with barbiturates or oral antibiotics resulted in insufficient estrogen, both conditions resulting in higher pregnancy rates. The newest generation of OCs follows 2 basic approaches, phasic OCs and improved progestogens. The triphasic pills Logynon and Trinordiol come in memo-packets with pills of 3 different progestogen-estrogen balances to be taken for 21 days. They contain 30 g less total monthly hormone than any other combined pill, give excellent cycle control and high reliability, and produce minimal metabolic changes. Bi-Novum, a biphasic pill with 35 mcg estrogen, gives cycle stability and minimal nausea, weight gain, and breast tenderness, comparable to results with 50 mcg estrogen. The progestogen used in Bi-Novum produces minimal changes in lipid metabolism and glucose tolerance safety factors. Another new formulation, Marvelon, is a conventional combined type pill containing a new progestogen, desogestrel, which favorably affects high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratios, remobilizes cholesterol deposits from arterial walls, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disesase. The progestogen-only formulation Femulen, with a daily dose of 5 mg of ethynodiol diacetate, has high efficacy and a relatively low dropout rate due to irregular bleeding and other causes.
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PMID:When patients ask about the latest and safest oral contraceptive. 692 41

In a randomized study, 63 postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer were treated with ethinyl estradiol (EE2) or the antiestrogen tamoxifen to compare the efficacy and side effects of both drugs. EE2 was always given in combination with chlorothiazide to prevent fluid retention. Pretreatment characteristics of the patients of both groups did not differ significantly. Objective remissions were achieved in 31% of the EE2-treated patients and in 33% of the tamoxifen-treated patients. The median duration of remission was 12 months (range, 5-32) for the EE2 group and 11 months (range, 5-26) for the tamoxifen group (P greater than 0.1), and the estimated median survival times from the start of treatment were 31 and 25 months, respectively (P greater than 0.1). The best treatment results in both groups were obtained in patients with estradiol receptor-positive tumors and less advanced disease. After therapy was stopped, objective withdrawal responses were observed in EE2- but not in tamoxifen-treated patients. Two patients receiving EE2 had to discontinue treatment because of drug-related liver function impairment. Both patients had cholelithiasis. Two patients in the tamoxifen-treated group discontinued therapy because of nausea. Deep venous thrombosis occurred in one patient receiving EE2, whereas two patients receiving tamoxifen developed superficial thrombophlebitis. Other side effects in both groups of patients, including initial hypercalcemia, were mild. It is concluded that both treatment regimens, EE2 or tamoxifen, are equally effective with respect to induction and duration of remission in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Side effects of EE2 therapy appeared to be more serious than those of tamoxifen treatment.
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PMID:Tamoxifen versus ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. 723 48

Postcoital contraceptives are available for adolescent use in the US. They include combination oral contraceptives (OCs), high dose estrogens, danazol, and IUDs. Mifepristone (RU-486) is currently not available in the US but is used in France, the UK, and Sweden. Postcoital contraception is especially important for adolescents who have a very high pregnancy rate due to poor contraceptive use. Administration of 2-5 mg ethinyl estradiol (EE) for 5 days beginning within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse yields pregnancy rates ranging from 0-0.92%. EE-related side effects include nausea, vomiting, sore breasts, and irregular menstrual bleeding. DES should not be used, since it is associated with reproductive tract anomalies and vaginal cancers in exposed offspring. Conjugated estrogens have not been used in adolescents for postcoital contraception. The Yuzpe regimen consists of 2 tablets of a combined OC with 200 mg EE and 2 mg dl-norgestrel administered within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse followed by the same dose 12 hours later. Common side effects are nausea and vomiting. Its pregnancy rate is 1.8%. Levonorgestrel-containing OCs can also be used. Administration of 800-1200 mg danazol up to 120 hours after unprotected intercourse protects against pregnancy in about 98% of cases. Copper IUDs have a high efficacy rate when used as postcoital contraception (99.9%), but public opinion, medicolegal considerations, financial costs, and potential for infection impede IUD as a postcoital contraceptive in the US. RU-486 is best known as an abortifacient. It is also a potential postcoital contraceptive. Two UK studies find that RU-486 used as a postcoital contraceptive has a very low pregnancy rate and fewer side effects than the Yuzpe regimen and danazol. It is much more costly than currently used postcoital contraceptives (600 mg of RU-486 cost US$ 68, while Ovral costs US$ 0.48-2.24). Nevertheless, RU-486 may replace the higher doses of OCs as a postcoital contraceptive method.
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PMID:Postcoital contraception: present and future options. 774 40


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